Indiana Kingdom
Halls of Jehovah's
Witnesses in:
Halls of Jehovah's
Witnesses in:
| Studies show us that the more sexually repressed the religion, the more child sexual abuse occurs among its members. Phillip Garrido, for example, who kidnapped Jaycee Dugard and held her as a sex slave for 18 years, was a Jehovah Witness minister. Police were only alerted when he tried to take the babies that he fathered with Jaycee onto a University campus to preach and distribute Watchtower magazines. Do you want these people on your private property, knocking on your door, talking to your children? |
| Even especially prominent JW Representatives, like Robert Edinger, of Bedford (Mitchell Kingdom Hall), for example, repeatedly intoxicated his son with alcohol at the age of 14 or younger, following years of stripping him and beating him. That son survived, however, earned a PHD in Religion at the University of Southern California, and is now fighting back, especially because my father is taking advantage of the fact that my mom has Alzheimer's and cannot express her wishes clearly. After a lifetime of being an attentive son to my mother, now, when she has Alzheimer's and can no longer defend her wishes, my father capitalizes on this and keeps me away from her, because I am not a JW. I have come to realize now, at the age of 54, that child abuse among Jehovah's Witnesses lasts a lifetime. And this web site represents the expression of a lot of hostility over a lot of stupidity of those in power in this organization with their proud egos, not even taking into consideration the consequences of these failed policies that tear families apart, if not sooner, then later. Many family members of JWs suffer, and we need solidarity in order to face these challenges. |
| Adult Survivors of Jehovah Witness Child Abuse |
| Jehovah Witnesses invade private property with no permission of any kind, by surprise, sometimes when you are not at home. Often, they solicit home bible studies with children. Sometimes, they come to visit when you are away from your home and unable to protect your family. They have all of Bloomington, Bedford, and Mitchell, Indiana mapped out into territories for door-to-door canvassing, hoping to be invited to a return visit. The law does nothing to stop this invasion of your private property, since it is considered to be within their 1st amendment rights to solicit our conversions. The only recourse that you have is to notify them that you do not want to be called on and then they will put you on their Do Not Call list. Inform them that Jehovah Witnesses are not allowed on your property. Only by having notified them will you be able to put legal force behind your no trespassing sign. We urge you to do this as soon as possible. Protect your children! Tell the Jehovah Witness representatives listed on the right, or the number in your local phone book, that under no circumstances do you want them to call at your home! |
| We, those of us who had this fearsome and violent ideology thrust upon us in our infancy, we are the principal victims of this fossilized, anachronistic, destructive, and dangerous philosophy of idolatry of self that the JWs try to force with violence upon silent lambs. The Jehovah's Witnesses organization is built on fear, not truth, fear of the almighty warrior god Jehovah, fear of the end of the world, fear of one's neighbors or classmates, or most of all, displeasing the elders, being spied upon, the threat of being outcast and unable to even socialize with one's own mother. Much worse, however, is that they go door-to-door trying to scare us, bothering us when we are trying to enjoy a family meal or getting ready for work. They want you to be afraid as well, so that you will donate to their cause. |
| If you do not like this page or think that it is inappropriate, please contact the following people. Bloomington: Martin Boling, 2506 S. Milton Drive, 47403 (812) 339-8638 (812) 332-6184 Bedford: Faith Spicer, 3609 River Bluff (812) 275-2987 Tell Faith How You Feel: Mitchell: Steven C. Steuer 245 Riverview Addition Bedford, IN 47421-8286 (812) 849-3739 Please leave message! |
| If you have any information about child sexual abuse among Jehovah Witnesses, it is your legal duty to report it to your local law enforcement agency. Please report it to us as well at: info@jwchildabuse.com |
Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity.[2] The religion reports
worldwide membership of over 7.65 million adherents involved in evangelism,[3] convention attendance of over 12 million, and annual Memorial attendance
of over 19.3 million.[4][5] They are directed by the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, a group of elders in Brooklyn, New York, that establishes and
controls all doctrines.[6][7] Jehovah's Witnesses' beliefs are based on their interpretations of the Bible, with a preference for their own translation, the New World
Translation of the Holy Scriptures.[8] They believe that the destruction of the present world system at Armageddon is imminent, and that the establishment of
God's kingdom on earth is the only solution for all problems faced by humankind.[9]
The group emerged from the Bible Student movement—founded in the late 1870s by Charles Taze Russell with the formation of Zion's Watch Tower Tract
Society—with significant organizational and doctrinal changes under the leadership of Joseph Franklin Rutherford.[10][11] The name Jehovah's witnesses,
based on Isaiah 43:10–12,[12] was adopted in 1931 to clearly distinguish themselves from other Bible Student groups.[13][14]
Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching, distributing literature such as The Watchtower and Awake!, and refusing military service and
blood transfusions. They consider use of the name Jehovah vital for proper worship. They reject Trinitarianism, inherent immortality of the soul, and hellfire,
which they consider to be unscriptural doctrines. They do not observe Christmas, Easter, birthdays, or other holidays and customs they consider to have pagan
origins incompatible with Christianity. Adherents commonly refer to their body of beliefs as "the truth" and consider themselves to be "in the truth".[15] Jehovah's
Witnesses consider secular society to be morally corrupt and under the influence of Satan, and limit their social interaction with non-Witnesses.
Congregational disciplinary actions include disfellowshipping, their term for formal expulsion and shunning. Members who formally leave are considered
disassociated and are also shunned.
The religion's position regarding conscientious objection to military service and refusal to salute national flags has brought it into conflict with some
governments. Consequently, activities of Jehovah's Witnesses have been banned or restricted in some countries. Persistent legal challenges by Jehovah's
Witnesses have influenced legislation related to civil rights in various countries.
History 1.1 Background (1870–1916)
Charles Taze Russell (1852–1916).
In 1870, Charles Taze Russell and others formed an independent group in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to study the Bible.[16][17] During the course of his ministry
Russell disputed many of the creeds, doctrines, and traditions of mainstream Christianity including immortality of the soul, hellfire, predestination, the fleshly
return of Jesus Christ, the Trinity, and the burning up of the world.[18] In 1876 Russell met Nelson H. Barbour and later that year they jointly produced the book
The Three Worlds, which combined restitutionist views with time prophecy. In the book they taught that God's dealings with mankind were divided
dispensationally, each ending with a "harvest", that Christ had returned as an invisible spirit being in 1874[19] inaugurating the "harvest of the Gospel age", and
that 1914 would mark the end of a 2520-year period called "the Gentile Times".[20] Beginning in 1878 they jointly edited a religious journal, Herald of the
Morning. In June 1879 the two split over doctrinal differences and in July Russell began publishing the magazine Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's
Presence,[21] stating that its purpose was to demonstrate the world was in "the last days" and that a new age of earthly and human restitution under the invisible
reign of Christ was imminent.[22] As early as 1876, Russell taught that "the Gentile Times" would end in October 1914, at which time world society would be
replaced by the full establishment of God's kingdom on earth.[23][24][25]
From 1879 Watch Tower supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible topically. Thirty congregations had been founded, and during
1879 and 1880 Russell visited each to teach the pattern of meetings he recommended.[26] As congregations continued to form during Russell's ministry they
each remained self-administrative, functioning under the congregationalist style of church governance.[27][28] In 1881 he founded Zion's Watch Tower Tract
Society and in 1884 incorporated it as a non-profit business to distribute tracts and Bibles.[29][30][31] By about 1900 Russell had organized thousands of part-
and full-time colporteurs,[32] and was appointing foreign missionaries and establishing branch offices. By the 1910s, Russell's organization was maintaining
nearly a hundred "pilgrims", or traveling preachers.[33] Russell engaged in significant global publishing efforts during his ministry[34][35][36] and had become
the most distributed Christian author in America by 1912.[37][38]
Russell moved the Watch Tower Society's headquarters to Brooklyn, New York, in 1909, combining printing and corporate offices with a house of worship;
volunteers were housed in a nearby residence he named Bethel.[39] He identified the religious movement as "Bible Students", and more formally as the
International Bible Students Association.[40] About 500 congregations worldwide elected him as their pastor.[41] Russell died in late 1916 at age 64 while
returning from a ministerial speaking tour.[42]
Reorganization (1917–1942)
In January 1917, the Watch Tower Society's legal representative, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, was elected as its next president. His election was disputed, and
soon after members of the Board of Directors accused him of acting in an autocratic and secretive manner.[43][44] The divisions between his supporters and
opponents triggered a major turnover of members over the next decade.[45][46] In June 1917 he released The Finished Mystery as a seventh volume of Russell's
Studies in the Scriptures series without prior approval of the board of directors. The book, largely written by two Bible Students, was claimed to be the
"posthumous work" of Russell.[47][48][49][50] It strongly criticized Catholic and Protestant clergy and Christian involvement in the Great War.[51] As a result,
Watch Tower Society directors were jailed for sedition under the Espionage Act in 1918 and members were subjected to mob violence; charges against the
directors were dropped in 1920.[52]
Rutherford centralized organizational control of the Watch Tower Society. In 1919 the Brooklyn headquarters appointed a director in each congregation, and a
year later all members were instructed to report their preaching activity weekly.[53] At an international convention held at Cedar Point, Ohio, in September
1922, a new emphasis was made on house-to-house preaching.[54] Significant changes in doctrine and administration were instituted under Rutherford's
leadership, including the 1918 announcement that Jewish patriarchs (such as Abraham and Isaac) would be resurrected in 1925, marking the beginning of
Christ's thousand-year reign.[55][56] Thousands of defections occurred in the first decade of Rutherford's administration, leading to the formation of several
Bible Student organizations independent of the Watch Tower Society, [57] many of which still exist.[58] By mid-1919, about one in seven Bible Students had
ceased their association with the Society[59]. One contemporary record claimed that between late 1923 and early 1927, "20,000 to 30,000 Truth people the
world over have left the Society."[60] William Schnell, author and former Witness, claimed that three quarters of the Bible Students who had been associating
in 1921 had left by 1931.[61][62][63] Rutherford himself stated in 1930 that the number of those who had withdrawn from the Society was "comparatively large".
[64]
On July 26, 1931, at a convention in Columbus, Ohio, Rutherford introduced the new name—Jehovah's witnesses—based on Isaiah 43:10: "Ye are my
witnesses, saith Jehovah, and my servant whom I have chosen"—which was adopted by resolution.[65] The name was chosen to distinguish his group of Bible
Students from other independent groups that had severed ties with the Society.[66][67][68] In 1932, Rutherford eliminated the system of locally elected elders
and in 1938 introduced what he called a "theocratic" (literally, God-ruled) organizational system, under which appointments in congregations worldwide were
made from the Brooklyn headquarters.[53] Rutherford later claimed that this and other changes he had instituted fulfilled Bible prophecies in the book of Daniel.
[69][70][71]
From 1932 it was taught that a separate class of members would live in a paradise restored on earth; from 1935, new converts to the movement were considered
part of that class. Previously, membership was generally composed of those who believed they would be resurrected to live in heaven to rule over earth with
Christ.[72] By 1933, the timing of the beginning of Christ's presence (Greek: parousía), his enthronement as king, and the start of the "last days" were each
moved to 1914.[55][73][74][75]
As their interpretations of scripture developed, Witness publications taught that saluting national flags and singing the national anthem are forms of idolatry,[76]
which led to a new outbreak of mob violence and government opposition in the United States, Canada, Germany, and other countries.
Continued development (1942–present)
See also: Development of Jehovah's Witnesses doctrine and Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses
Following Rutherford's death in January 1942, Nathan Knorr was appointed as third president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society. He commissioned a
new translation of the Bible, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, the full version of which was released in 1961. He organized large international
assemblies, instituted new training programs for members, and expanded missionary activity and branch offices throughout the world.[77] Knorr's presidency was
also marked by an increasing use of explicit instructions guiding Witnesses in their lifestyle and conduct, and a greater use of congregational judicial
procedures to enforce strict moral codes.[78][79]
From 1966, Witness publications and convention talks built anticipation of the possibility that Christ's thousand-year reign might begin in late 1975[80][81][82]
or shortly thereafter.[83][84][85][86] The number of baptisms increased significantly, from about 59,000 in 1966 to more than 297,000 in 1974, but membership
declined after expectations for the year were proved wrong.[87][88][89][90] Watch Tower Society literature did not state dogmatically that 1975 would definitely
mark the end,[91] but in 1980 the Watch Tower Society admitted its responsibility in building up hope regarding that year.[92]
The offices of elder and ministerial servant were restored to Witness congregations in 1972, with appointments made from headquarters[93] (and later, also by
branch committees).[94] In a major organizational overhaul in 1976, the power of the Watch Tower Society president was diminished, with authority for
doctrinal and organizational decisions passed to the Governing Body.[95] Reflecting these organizational changes, publications of Jehovah's Witnesses began
using the capitalized name, Jehovah's Witnesses.[note 1] Since Knorr's death in 1977, the position of president has been occupied by Frederick Franz (1977–
1992) and Milton Henschel (1992–2000), both members of the Governing Body, and since 2000 by Don A. Adams, not a member of the Governing Body.
Organization
Main article: Organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses are organized under a hierarchical arrangement, which their leadership calls a "theocratic government", reflecting their belief that it is
God's "visible organization" on earth.[96][97] The organization is headed by the Governing Body—an all-male group that varies in size, but since December
2010 has comprised seven members,[note 2] all of whom profess to be of the "anointed" class with a hope of heavenly life—based in the Watch Tower Society's
Brooklyn headquarters.[98][99] There is no election for membership; new members are selected by the existing body.[100] The Governing Body is described as
the "spokesman" for God's "faithful and discreet slave class" (approximately 10,000 self-professed "anointed" Jehovah's Witnesses).[101][102] It directs several
committees that are responsible for administrative functions, including publishing, assembly programs and evangelizing activities.[97] It directly appoints all
branch committee members and traveling overseers,[103] after they have been recommended by local branches,[104] with traveling overseers supervising
districts or circuits of congregations within their jurisdictions. Branch offices appoint local elders and ministerial servants, and may appoint regional committees
for matters such as Kingdom Hall construction or disaster relief.[105]
worldwide membership of over 7.65 million adherents involved in evangelism,[3] convention attendance of over 12 million, and annual Memorial attendance
of over 19.3 million.[4][5] They are directed by the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, a group of elders in Brooklyn, New York, that establishes and
controls all doctrines.[6][7] Jehovah's Witnesses' beliefs are based on their interpretations of the Bible, with a preference for their own translation, the New World
Translation of the Holy Scriptures.[8] They believe that the destruction of the present world system at Armageddon is imminent, and that the establishment of
God's kingdom on earth is the only solution for all problems faced by humankind.[9]
The group emerged from the Bible Student movement—founded in the late 1870s by Charles Taze Russell with the formation of Zion's Watch Tower Tract
Society—with significant organizational and doctrinal changes under the leadership of Joseph Franklin Rutherford.[10][11] The name Jehovah's witnesses,
based on Isaiah 43:10–12,[12] was adopted in 1931 to clearly distinguish themselves from other Bible Student groups.[13][14]
Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching, distributing literature such as The Watchtower and Awake!, and refusing military service and
blood transfusions. They consider use of the name Jehovah vital for proper worship. They reject Trinitarianism, inherent immortality of the soul, and hellfire,
which they consider to be unscriptural doctrines. They do not observe Christmas, Easter, birthdays, or other holidays and customs they consider to have pagan
origins incompatible with Christianity. Adherents commonly refer to their body of beliefs as "the truth" and consider themselves to be "in the truth".[15] Jehovah's
Witnesses consider secular society to be morally corrupt and under the influence of Satan, and limit their social interaction with non-Witnesses.
Congregational disciplinary actions include disfellowshipping, their term for formal expulsion and shunning. Members who formally leave are considered
disassociated and are also shunned.
The religion's position regarding conscientious objection to military service and refusal to salute national flags has brought it into conflict with some
governments. Consequently, activities of Jehovah's Witnesses have been banned or restricted in some countries. Persistent legal challenges by Jehovah's
Witnesses have influenced legislation related to civil rights in various countries.
History 1.1 Background (1870–1916)
Charles Taze Russell (1852–1916).
In 1870, Charles Taze Russell and others formed an independent group in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to study the Bible.[16][17] During the course of his ministry
Russell disputed many of the creeds, doctrines, and traditions of mainstream Christianity including immortality of the soul, hellfire, predestination, the fleshly
return of Jesus Christ, the Trinity, and the burning up of the world.[18] In 1876 Russell met Nelson H. Barbour and later that year they jointly produced the book
The Three Worlds, which combined restitutionist views with time prophecy. In the book they taught that God's dealings with mankind were divided
dispensationally, each ending with a "harvest", that Christ had returned as an invisible spirit being in 1874[19] inaugurating the "harvest of the Gospel age", and
that 1914 would mark the end of a 2520-year period called "the Gentile Times".[20] Beginning in 1878 they jointly edited a religious journal, Herald of the
Morning. In June 1879 the two split over doctrinal differences and in July Russell began publishing the magazine Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's
Presence,[21] stating that its purpose was to demonstrate the world was in "the last days" and that a new age of earthly and human restitution under the invisible
reign of Christ was imminent.[22] As early as 1876, Russell taught that "the Gentile Times" would end in October 1914, at which time world society would be
replaced by the full establishment of God's kingdom on earth.[23][24][25]
From 1879 Watch Tower supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible topically. Thirty congregations had been founded, and during
1879 and 1880 Russell visited each to teach the pattern of meetings he recommended.[26] As congregations continued to form during Russell's ministry they
each remained self-administrative, functioning under the congregationalist style of church governance.[27][28] In 1881 he founded Zion's Watch Tower Tract
Society and in 1884 incorporated it as a non-profit business to distribute tracts and Bibles.[29][30][31] By about 1900 Russell had organized thousands of part-
and full-time colporteurs,[32] and was appointing foreign missionaries and establishing branch offices. By the 1910s, Russell's organization was maintaining
nearly a hundred "pilgrims", or traveling preachers.[33] Russell engaged in significant global publishing efforts during his ministry[34][35][36] and had become
the most distributed Christian author in America by 1912.[37][38]
Russell moved the Watch Tower Society's headquarters to Brooklyn, New York, in 1909, combining printing and corporate offices with a house of worship;
volunteers were housed in a nearby residence he named Bethel.[39] He identified the religious movement as "Bible Students", and more formally as the
International Bible Students Association.[40] About 500 congregations worldwide elected him as their pastor.[41] Russell died in late 1916 at age 64 while
returning from a ministerial speaking tour.[42]
Reorganization (1917–1942)
In January 1917, the Watch Tower Society's legal representative, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, was elected as its next president. His election was disputed, and
soon after members of the Board of Directors accused him of acting in an autocratic and secretive manner.[43][44] The divisions between his supporters and
opponents triggered a major turnover of members over the next decade.[45][46] In June 1917 he released The Finished Mystery as a seventh volume of Russell's
Studies in the Scriptures series without prior approval of the board of directors. The book, largely written by two Bible Students, was claimed to be the
"posthumous work" of Russell.[47][48][49][50] It strongly criticized Catholic and Protestant clergy and Christian involvement in the Great War.[51] As a result,
Watch Tower Society directors were jailed for sedition under the Espionage Act in 1918 and members were subjected to mob violence; charges against the
directors were dropped in 1920.[52]
Rutherford centralized organizational control of the Watch Tower Society. In 1919 the Brooklyn headquarters appointed a director in each congregation, and a
year later all members were instructed to report their preaching activity weekly.[53] At an international convention held at Cedar Point, Ohio, in September
1922, a new emphasis was made on house-to-house preaching.[54] Significant changes in doctrine and administration were instituted under Rutherford's
leadership, including the 1918 announcement that Jewish patriarchs (such as Abraham and Isaac) would be resurrected in 1925, marking the beginning of
Christ's thousand-year reign.[55][56] Thousands of defections occurred in the first decade of Rutherford's administration, leading to the formation of several
Bible Student organizations independent of the Watch Tower Society, [57] many of which still exist.[58] By mid-1919, about one in seven Bible Students had
ceased their association with the Society[59]. One contemporary record claimed that between late 1923 and early 1927, "20,000 to 30,000 Truth people the
world over have left the Society."[60] William Schnell, author and former Witness, claimed that three quarters of the Bible Students who had been associating
in 1921 had left by 1931.[61][62][63] Rutherford himself stated in 1930 that the number of those who had withdrawn from the Society was "comparatively large".
[64]
On July 26, 1931, at a convention in Columbus, Ohio, Rutherford introduced the new name—Jehovah's witnesses—based on Isaiah 43:10: "Ye are my
witnesses, saith Jehovah, and my servant whom I have chosen"—which was adopted by resolution.[65] The name was chosen to distinguish his group of Bible
Students from other independent groups that had severed ties with the Society.[66][67][68] In 1932, Rutherford eliminated the system of locally elected elders
and in 1938 introduced what he called a "theocratic" (literally, God-ruled) organizational system, under which appointments in congregations worldwide were
made from the Brooklyn headquarters.[53] Rutherford later claimed that this and other changes he had instituted fulfilled Bible prophecies in the book of Daniel.
[69][70][71]
From 1932 it was taught that a separate class of members would live in a paradise restored on earth; from 1935, new converts to the movement were considered
part of that class. Previously, membership was generally composed of those who believed they would be resurrected to live in heaven to rule over earth with
Christ.[72] By 1933, the timing of the beginning of Christ's presence (Greek: parousía), his enthronement as king, and the start of the "last days" were each
moved to 1914.[55][73][74][75]
As their interpretations of scripture developed, Witness publications taught that saluting national flags and singing the national anthem are forms of idolatry,[76]
which led to a new outbreak of mob violence and government opposition in the United States, Canada, Germany, and other countries.
Continued development (1942–present)
See also: Development of Jehovah's Witnesses doctrine and Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses
Following Rutherford's death in January 1942, Nathan Knorr was appointed as third president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society. He commissioned a
new translation of the Bible, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, the full version of which was released in 1961. He organized large international
assemblies, instituted new training programs for members, and expanded missionary activity and branch offices throughout the world.[77] Knorr's presidency was
also marked by an increasing use of explicit instructions guiding Witnesses in their lifestyle and conduct, and a greater use of congregational judicial
procedures to enforce strict moral codes.[78][79]
From 1966, Witness publications and convention talks built anticipation of the possibility that Christ's thousand-year reign might begin in late 1975[80][81][82]
or shortly thereafter.[83][84][85][86] The number of baptisms increased significantly, from about 59,000 in 1966 to more than 297,000 in 1974, but membership
declined after expectations for the year were proved wrong.[87][88][89][90] Watch Tower Society literature did not state dogmatically that 1975 would definitely
mark the end,[91] but in 1980 the Watch Tower Society admitted its responsibility in building up hope regarding that year.[92]
The offices of elder and ministerial servant were restored to Witness congregations in 1972, with appointments made from headquarters[93] (and later, also by
branch committees).[94] In a major organizational overhaul in 1976, the power of the Watch Tower Society president was diminished, with authority for
doctrinal and organizational decisions passed to the Governing Body.[95] Reflecting these organizational changes, publications of Jehovah's Witnesses began
using the capitalized name, Jehovah's Witnesses.[note 1] Since Knorr's death in 1977, the position of president has been occupied by Frederick Franz (1977–
1992) and Milton Henschel (1992–2000), both members of the Governing Body, and since 2000 by Don A. Adams, not a member of the Governing Body.
Organization
Main article: Organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses are organized under a hierarchical arrangement, which their leadership calls a "theocratic government", reflecting their belief that it is
God's "visible organization" on earth.[96][97] The organization is headed by the Governing Body—an all-male group that varies in size, but since December
2010 has comprised seven members,[note 2] all of whom profess to be of the "anointed" class with a hope of heavenly life—based in the Watch Tower Society's
Brooklyn headquarters.[98][99] There is no election for membership; new members are selected by the existing body.[100] The Governing Body is described as
the "spokesman" for God's "faithful and discreet slave class" (approximately 10,000 self-professed "anointed" Jehovah's Witnesses).[101][102] It directs several
committees that are responsible for administrative functions, including publishing, assembly programs and evangelizing activities.[97] It directly appoints all
branch committee members and traveling overseers,[103] after they have been recommended by local branches,[104] with traveling overseers supervising
districts or circuits of congregations within their jurisdictions. Branch offices appoint local elders and ministerial servants, and may appoint regional committees
for matters such as Kingdom Hall construction or disaster relief.[105]
Jehovah's Witnesses believe about blood?
marriage? family? Is family sacred to JWs? Can
disfellowshipped adult children still talk to their
moms? What are the worldwide associations
practices? How can broken families recover?
marriage? family? Is family sacred to JWs? Can
disfellowshipped adult children still talk to their
moms? What are the worldwide associations
practices? How can broken families recover?
| We are dedicated to helping protect Jehovah Witness children from sexual abuse and to fight against the cover up of sexual abuse. We are investigating a particularly egregious case that has been reported to us involving three local congregations of Jehovah Witnesses in Bloomington, Bedford, and Mitchell, Indiana. Please help to inform the ministers (elders) of these congregations that they have a legal duty to report child sexual abuse to local law enforcement agencies! |
| We wish to thank all of the Christian churches and other non-profit organizations in Indiana and elsewhere that are helping with our campaign. |
Each congregation has a body of appointed unpaid male elders and ministerial servants. Elders maintain general responsibility for congregational governance, setting meeting times, selecting speakers and conducting
meetings, directing the public preaching work, and creating "judicial committees" to investigate and decide disciplinary action for cases that are seen as breaching their doctrines. New elders are appointed by branch
offices after recommendation by the existing body of elders. Ministerial servants—appointed in a similar manner to elders—fulfill clerical and attendant duties, but may also teach and conduct meetings.[97] Witnesses do
not use elder as a title to signify a formal clergy-laity division,[106] though elders may employ ecclesiastical privilege.[107]
Individuals undergoing baptism must affirm publicly that dedication and baptism identify them "as one of Jehovah’s Witnesses in association with God's spirit-directed organization,"[108] though Witness publications say
baptism symbolizes personal dedication to God and not "to a man, work or organization."[109][note 3] Watch Tower Society publications emphasize the need for members to be obedient and loyal to Jehovah and to "his
organization",[110][111][note 4] stating that individuals must remain part of it to receive God's favor and to survive Armageddon.[112][113][114] Witness publications state that acceptable service to God can be rendered
only through that organization[115] and that members should remain submissive to the religion's leaders and to local congregational elders.[116][117] There is no tithing or collection; funding for all activities of the
organization is provided by voluntary contributions, primarily from members.[118][119]
Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body, which assumes responsibility for interpreting and applying scripture.[46][120][121] Watch Tower Society publications teach that doctrinal changes
and refinements result from a process of progressive revelation, in which God gradually reveals his will and purpose,[122][123][124][125] and that such enlightenment results from the application of reason and study,[126]
the guidance of the holy spirit, and direction from Jesus Christ and angels.[127] The Society also teaches that "responsible representatives" of the "faithful and discreet slave class" at the religion's headquarters are helped
by the holy spirit to discern "deep truths", which are then considered by the entire Governing Body before it makes doctrinal decisions.[128] The religion's leadership, while disclaiming divine inspiration and infallibility,[129]
is said to provide "divine guidance"[130] through its teachings described as "based on God's Word thus...not from men, but from Jehovah."[131][132]
The entire Protestant canon of scripture is considered the inspired, inerrant word of God.[133] Jehovah's Witnesses consider the Bible to be scientifically and historically accurate and reliable[134] and interpret much of it
literally, but accept parts of it as symbolic.[135] They consider the Bible to be the final authority for all their beliefs,[136] although sociologist Andrew Holden's ethnographic study of the religion concluded that
pronouncements of the Governing Body, through Watch Tower Society publications, carry almost as much weight as the Bible.[137][138] Jehovah's Witnesses believe their religion restores the doctrines of "true" Christianity.
[139] The religion makes no provision for members to criticize or contribute to official teachings[140] and all Witnesses must abide by its doctrines and organizational requirements.[141] Witnesses are cautioned against
studying the Bible independently from its publications or to read any other religious literature.[142][143][144] Adherents are told to have "complete confidence" in the leadership, avoid skepticism over Watchtower teachings
and "not advocate or insist on personal opinions or harbor private ideas when it comes to Bible understanding".[145][146][147][148]
Jehovah and Jesus Christ
Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize use of God's biblical name, represented in the original texts by the Tetragrammaton, and in English they prefer to use the name, Jehovah.[149] They believe that Jehovah is the only true
God, the creator of all things, and the "Universal Sovereign". They believe that all worship should be directed toward him, and that he is not part of a Trinity;[150] consequently, the religion places more emphasis on God
than on Christ.[151][152] They believe that the holy spirit is God's power or "active force" rather than a person.[153]
The Tetragrammaton
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus was God's only direct creation, that everything else was created by means of Christ, and that the initial unassisted act of creation uniquely identifies Jesus as God's "only-begotten Son".
[154] Jesus served as a redeemer and a ransom sacrifice to pay for the sins of humankind.[155] They believe Jesus died on a single upright torture stake rather than the traditional cross.[156] They believe that references in
the Bible to the Archangel Michael, Abaddon (Apollyon), and the Word all refer to Jesus.[157] Jesus is considered to be the only intercessor and high priest between God and humankind, and appointed by God as the king
and judge of his kingdom.[158] His role as a mediator (referred to in 1 Timothy 2:5) is restricted to anointed Christians.[159]
Satan
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Satan was originally a perfect angel who developed feelings of self-importance and craved worship. Satan caused Adam and Eve to disobey God, and humanity subsequently became
participants in a challenge involving the competing claims of Jehovah and Satan to universal sovereignty.[160] Other angels who sided with Satan became demons.
Jehovah's Witnesses teach that Satan and his demons were cast down to earth from heaven after October 1, 1914,[161] at which point the end times began. Witnesses believe that Satan is the ruler of the current world order,
[160] that human society is influenced and misled by Satan and his demons, and that they are a cause of human suffering. However, they do not believe that individual rulers or governments are under Satan's direct control.
[162][163] Researchers including sociologist James Beckford and psychologist Havor Montague have noted Jehovah's Witnesses' dread of demons, which James Penton says is "sometimes so extreme that it becomes quite
superstitious." Penton also notes that avoidance of "demonistic practices" has released many people in Africa and Latin America from fear of spirits.[160][164][165]
Life after death
Main article: Jehovah's Witnesses and salvation
Jehovah's Witnesses believe death is a state of non-existence with no consciousness. There is no Hell of fiery torment; Hades and Sheol are understood to refer to the condition of death, termed the common grave.[166]
Jehovah's Witnesses consider the soul to be a life or a living body that can die.[167] Witnesses believe that a limited "little flock" go to heaven, but that the hope for life after death for the majority of "other sheep" involves
being resurrected by God to a cleansed earth after Armageddon. Watch Tower Society publications teach that humanity is in a sinful state,[167] from which release is only possible by means of Jesus' shed blood as a
payment, or atonement, for the sins of humankind.[168] Witnesses believe there are two destinations for those saved by God. They interpret Revelation 14:1–5 to mean that the number of Christians going to heaven is limited
to exactly 144,000, who will rule with Jesus as kings and priests over earth. The remainder hope to live forever in an earthly paradise.[169] Jehovah's Witnesses teach that only they meet scriptural requirements for surviving
Armageddon, but that God is the final judge.[170][171][172] During the millennium, most other people who died since the time of Abel and before Armageddon will be resurrected with the prospect of living forever; they will
be taught the proper way to worship God to prepare them for their final test before the end of the millennium.[173]
God's kingdom
Witness publications teach that God's kingdom is a literal government in heaven, ruled by Jesus Christ and 144,000 Christians drawn from the earth.[174] The kingdom is viewed as the means by which God will accomplish
his original purpose for the earth, transforming it into a paradise without sickness or death.[175] It is said to have been the focal point of Jesus' ministry on earth[176] and established in heaven in 1914.[177] They believe
1914 marks the restoration of God's rule over earth after being halted for 2520 years since 607 BCE, the date they uniquely assign to the destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians.[178]
Eschatology
Main article: Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses
A central teaching of Jehovah's Witnesses is that the current world era, or "system of things", entered the "last days"[179] in 1914 and faces imminent destruction through intervention by God and Jesus Christ, leading to
deliverance for those who worship God acceptably.[180] They consider all other present-day religions to be false, identifying them with "Babylon the Great", or the "harlot", of Revelation 17,[181] and believe that they will
soon be destroyed by the United Nations. This development will mark the beginning of the great tribulation.[182] Satan will subsequently attack Jehovah's Witnesses, an action that will prompt God to begin the war of
Armageddon, during which all forms of government and all people not counted as Christ's "sheep", or true followers, will be destroyed. After Armageddon, God will extend his heavenly kingdom to include Earth, which will
be transformed into a paradise similar to the Garden of Eden.[183] After Armageddon, most of those who had died before God's intervention will gradually be resurrected during "judgment day" lasting for a thousand years.
This judgment will be based on their actions after resurrection, not on past deeds. At the end of the thousand years, a final test will take place when Satan is released to mislead perfect mankind. The end result will be a fully
tested, glorified human race. Christ will then hand all authority back to God.[184]
Watch Tower Society publications teach that Jesus Christ began to rule in heaven as king of God's Kingdom in October 1914, and that Satan was subsequently ousted from heaven to the earth, resulting in "woe" to mankind.
They believe that Jesus rules invisibly, perceived only as a series of "signs". They base this belief on a rendering of the Greek word parousia—usually translated as "coming" when referring to Christ—as "presence". They
believe Jesus' presence refers to a period of unknown duration rather than a moment of arrival.[185]
Worship at a Kingdom Hall.
Meetings for worship and study are held at Kingdom Halls, which are typically functional in character, and do not contain religious symbols.[186] Witnesses are assigned to a congregation in whose "territory" they reside and
attend weekly services they refer to as "meetings" as scheduled by congregation elders. The meetings are largely devoted to study of Watch Tower Society literature and the Bible. The format of the meetings is established
by the religion's headquarters, and the subject matter for most meetings is the same worldwide.[186] Congregations meet for two sessions each week comprising five distinct meetings that total about three-and-a-half hours,
typically gathering mid-week (three meetings) and on the weekend (two meetings). Gatherings are opened and closed with kingdom songs and brief prayers. Each year, Witnesses from a number of congregations that form a
"circuit" gather for one-day, and two-day assemblies. Several circuits meet once a year for a three-day "district convention", usually at rented stadiums or auditoriums. Their most important and solemn event is the
commemoration of the "Lord's Evening Meal", or "Memorial of Christ's Death", which generally falls on the same date as the Jewish Passover.
Evangelism
Jehovah's Witnesses are known for their preaching from house to house.
Jehovah's Witnesses are perhaps best known for their efforts to spread their beliefs, most notably by visiting people from house to house.[187][188] Free home Bible studies are offered to people who show interest in their
beliefs, which they present with the aid of books, brochures and magazines, including The Watchtower. Some literature is available in 500 languages.[189] Witnesses are told they are under a biblical command to engage
in public preaching.[190][191] They are instructed to devote as much time as possible to their ministry and are required to submit an individual monthly "Field Service Report".[192][193] Baptized members who fail to
submit a report every month are termed "irregular" and may be counseled by elders;[194][195] those who do not submit a report for six consecutive months are termed "inactive".[196]
Ethics and morality
Their views of morality reflect conservative Christian values. All sexual relations outside of marriage are grounds for expulsion if the individual is not deemed repentant;[197][198] homosexuality is considered a serious sin,
and same-sex marriages are forbidden. Abortion is considered murder.[199] Modesty in dress and grooming is frequently emphasized. Gambling, drunkenness, illegal drugs, and tobacco use are forbidden.[200] Drinking of
alcoholic beverages is permitted in moderation.[199]
The family structure is patriarchal. The husband is considered the final authority on family decisions, but is encouraged to solicit his wife's thoughts and feelings, as well as those of his children. Marriages are required to be
monogamous and legally registered.[201][202] Marrying a non-believer, or endorsing such a union, is strongly discouraged and carries religious sanctions.[203][204] Divorce is discouraged, and remarriage is forbidden
unless a divorce is obtained on the grounds of adultery, termed "a scriptural divorce".[205] If a divorce is obtained for any other reason, remarriage is considered adultery while the prior spouse is still alive and has not begun
another sexual relationship.[206] Extreme physical abuse, willful non-support of one's family, and what the religion terms "absolute endangerment of spirituality" are considered grounds for legal separation.[207][208]
Disciplinary action
Main article: Jehovah's Witnesses and congregational discipline
Formal discipline is administered by congregation elders. When a baptized member is accused of committing a serious sin—usually involving offenses against the religion's code of personal morality[209] or charges of
apostasy for disputing the Watch Tower Society's doctrines[210][211]—a judicial committee is formed to determine guilt, provide help and possibly administer discipline. Disfellowshipping, a form of shunning, is the
strongest form of discipline administered.[212] Contact with disfellowshipped individuals is limited to direct family members living in the same home, and with congregation elders who may invite disfellowshipped persons to
apply for reinstatement;[213][214] formal business dealings may continue if contractually or financially obliged.[215] Witnesses are taught that avoiding social and spiritual interaction with disfellowshipped individuals keeps
the congregation free from immoral influence and that "losing precious fellowship with loved ones may help [the shunned individual] to come 'to his senses,' see the seriousness of his wrong, and take steps to return to
Jehovah."[216] The practice of shunning may also serve to deter other members from dissident behavior.[217] Members who disassociate (formally resign) are described in Watch Tower Society literature as lawless and
wicked and are also shunned.[218][219][220] Expelled individuals may eventually be reinstated to the congregation if deemed repentant by elders in the congregation in which the disfellowshipping was enforced.[221]
Reproof is given formally by a judicial committee to a baptized Witness who is considered repentant of serious sin; the reproved person temporarily loses conspicuous privileges of service, but suffers no restriction of social or
spiritual fellowship.[222] Marking, a curtailing of social but not spiritual fellowship, is practiced if a baptized member persists in a course of action regarded as a violation of Bible principles but not a serious sin.[note 5]
Separateness
Main article: Jehovah's Witnesses and governments
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the Bible condemns the mixing of religions, on the basis that there can only be one truth from God, and therefore reject interfaith and ecumenical movements.[223][224][225] They believe
that only their religion represents true Christianity, and that other religions fail to meet all the requirements set by God and will soon be destroyed.[226] Jehovah's Witnesses are taught that it is vital to remain "separate from
the world." Watch Tower Society publications define the "world" as "the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants" and teach that it is ruled by Satan and a place of danger and moral contamination.[227]
[228][229] Because of perceived dangers from "worldly" association,[230] Witnesses are advised to minimize social contact with non-members to better maintain their own standards of morality.[231][232][233]
Jehovah's Witnesses believe their highest allegiance belongs to God's kingdom, which is viewed as an actual government in heaven, with Christ as king. They remain politically neutral, do not seek public office, and are
discouraged from voting, though individual members may participate in uncontroversial community improvement issues.[234][235] They abstain from celebrating religious holidays and birthdays and reject many customs
they believe have pagan origins. They do not work in industries associated with the military, do not serve in the armed services,[236] and refuse national military service, which in some countries may result in their arrest and
imprisonment.[237] They do not salute or pledge allegiance to flags or sing national anthems or patriotic songs.[238] Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves as a worldwide brotherhood that transcends national boundaries and
ethnic loyalties.[239][240] Sociologist Ronald Lawson has suggested the religion's intellectual and organizational isolation, coupled with the intense indoctrination of adherents, rigid internal discipline and considerable
persecution, has contributed to the consistency of its sense of urgency in its apocalyptic message.[241]
Rejection of blood transfusions
Main article: Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions
Jehovah's Witnesses refuse blood transfusions, which they consider a violation of God's law based on their interpretation of Acts 15:28, 29 and other scriptures.[242][243][244] Since 1961 the willing acceptance of a blood
transfusion by an unrepentant member has been grounds for expulsion from the religion.[245][246] Watch Tower Society literature directs Witnesses to refuse blood transfusions, even in "a life-or-death situation".[247][248]
[249] Jehovah's Witnesses accept non-blood alternatives and other medical procedures in lieu of blood transfusions, and the Watch Tower Society provides information about current non-blood medical procedures.[250]
Though Jehovah's Witnesses do not accept blood transfusions of whole blood, they may accept some blood plasma fractions at their own discretion.[251][252][253] The Watch Tower Society provides pre-formatted Power of
Attorney documents prohibiting major blood components, in which members can specify which allowable fractions and treatments they will personally accept.[254][255] Jehovah's Witnesses have established Hospital
Liaison Committees as a cooperative arrangement between individual Jehovah's Witnesses and medical professionals and hospitals.[256][257]
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses have an active presence in most countries, but do not form a large part of the population of any country.
As of August 2011, Jehovah's Witnesses report an average of 7.39 million publishers—the term they use for members actively involved in preaching—in 109,403 congregations.[1] In 2011, these reports indicated over 1.7
billion hours spent in preaching and Bible study activity. Since the mid-1990s, the number of peak publishers has increased from 4.5 million to 7.65 million.[258] Jehovah's Witnesses estimate their current worldwide growth
rate to be 2.4% per year.[1]
The official published membership statistics, such as those mentioned above, include only those who submit reports for their personal ministry; official statistics do not include inactive and disfellowshipped individuals or
others who might attend their meetings. As a result, only about half of those who self-identified as Jehovah's Witnesses in independent demographic studies are considered active by the faith itself.[259][260] The 2008 US
Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey found a low retention rate among members of the religion: about 37% of people raised in the religion continued to identify themselves as Jehovah's Witnesses.[261][262] Despite
this, the National Council of Churches concluded that Jehovah's Witnesses "had the largest growth of any single denomination [in America]" with a 4.7% increase in 2009.[263]
Sociological analysis
See also: Sociological classifications of religious movements
Sociologist James A. Beckford has classified the organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses as Totalizing, characterized by an assertive leadership, specific and narrow objectives, control over competing demands on
members' time and energy, and control over the quality of new members. Other characteristics of the classification include likelihood of friction with secular authorities, reluctance to co-operate with other religious
organizations, a high rate of membership turnover, a low rate of doctrinal change, and strict uniformity of beliefs among members.[264] Beckford identified the religion's chief characteristics as historicism (identifying
historical events as relating to the outworking of God's purpose), absolutism (conviction that the Watch Tower Society dispenses absolute truth), activism (capacity to motivate members to perform missionary tasks),
rationalism (conviction that Witness doctrines have a rational basis devoid of mystery), authoritarianism (rigid presentation of regulations without the opportunity for criticism) and world indifference (rejection of certain
secular requirements and medical treatments).[265]
Sociologist Bryan R. Wilson, in his consideration of five religions including Jehovah's Witnesses, noted that each of the religions:[266]
1."exists in a state of tension with the wider society;"
2."imposes tests of merit on would-be members;"
3."exercises stern discipline, regulating the declared beliefs and the life habits of members and prescribing and operating sanctions for those who deviate, including the possibility of expulsion;"
4."demands sustained and total commitment from its members, and the subordination, and perhaps even the exclusion of all other interests."
Opposition
Controversy surrounding various beliefs, doctrines and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses has led to opposition from local governments, communities, and religious groups. Religious commentator Ken Jubber wrote that
"Viewed globally, this persecution has been so persistent and of such an intensity that it would not be inaccurate to regard Jehovah's witnesses as the most persecuted religion of the twentieth century."[267]
Persecution
Main article: Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses
See also: Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany
Jehovah's Witness prisoners were identified by purple triangle badges in Nazi concentration camps.
Political and religious animosity against Jehovah's Witnesses has at times led to mob action and government oppression in various countries. Their doctrine of political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military has
led to imprisonment of members who refused conscription during World War II and at other times where national service has been compulsory. In Germany, as many as 12,000 Witnesses were sent to concentration camps,
[268] and were identified by purple triangles; as many as 5000 died.[269] More than 200 men were executed at the orders of German war courts.[270] In Canada, Jehovah's Witnesses were interned in camps[271] along with
political dissidents and people of Chinese and Japanese descent.[272] In the former Soviet Union, about 9300 Jehovah's Witness families were deported to Siberia as part of Operation North in April 1951.[273][274] Their
religious activities are currently banned or restricted in some countries, including China, Vietnam and some Islamic states.[275][276] Writers including Barbara Grizzuti Harrison, William Whalen, Alan Rogerson and William
Schnell have claimed the religion often incited opposition to pursue a course of martyrdom in a bid to attract dispossessed members of society and also reassure members of the "truth" of the Watchtower cause as
evidenced by the level of persecution from the outside world as they struggled to serve God.[277]
Legal challenges
Main article: Supreme Court cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses by country
Several cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses have been heard by Supreme Courts throughout the world. Their persistent legal challenges have broadened the definition of civil liberties in various countries.[278] The cases
generally relate to the right to practice their religion, displays of patriotism and military service, and blood transfusions.[279]
Criticism
Main article: Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses have attracted criticism over issues surrounding their Bible translation, doctrines, their handling of sexual abuse cases, and what is claimed to be coercion of members. Many of the claims are denied by
Jehovah's Witnesses and some have also been disputed by courts and religious scholars.
Suppression of free speech and thought
Critics have described the religion's leadership as autocratic and totalitarian because of Watch Tower Society requirements for loyalty and obedience by Witnesses,[132][280][281] intolerance of dissent about doctrines and
practices,[282] and the practice of expelling and shunning members who cannot conscientiously agree with all the religion's teachings.[211][283][284] Sociologist Andrew Holden says those who choose to leave the
religion "are seldom allowed a dignified exit. Not only is their disfellowshipping announced from the platform, they are also condemned as ‘mentally diseased’ or ‘apostates’."[285] Historian James Irvin Lichti has rejected the
description of the religion as "totalitarian".[286] Sociologist Rodney Stark states that while Jehovah's Witness leaders are "not always very democratic" and members are expected to conform to "rather strict standards,"
enforcement tends to be informal, sustained by close bonds of friendship and that Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves as "part of the power structure rather than subject to it."[89]
The Watch Tower Society's publications strongly discourage followers from questioning its doctrines and counsel, reasoning that the Society is to be trusted as "God's organization".[282][287][288][289] It warns members to
"avoid independent thinking", claiming such thinking "was introduced by Satan the Devil"[290][291] and would "cause division".[292] Critics charge that by disparaging individual decision-making, the Watch Tower Society
cultivates a system of unquestioning obedience[142][293] in which Witnesses abrogate all responsibility and rights over their personal lives.[294][295] Critics have accused the Watch Tower Society of exercising
"intellectual dominance" over Witnesses,[296] controlling information[211][297][298] and creating "mental isolation",[299] which former Governing Body member Raymond Franz argued were all elements of mind control.
[299] Holden, however, says the tabloid depiction of members as "brainwashed" is inaccurate, and that most members who join millenarian movements such as Jehovah's Witnesses have made an informed choice.[300]
Watch Tower Society publications state that consensus of faith aids unity.[301] They deny that unity restricts individuality or imagination.[301] In a case involving Jehovah's Witnesses' activities in Russia, the European Court
of Human Rights stated that the religion's requirements "are not fundamentally different from similar limitations that other religions impose on their followers' private lives" and that charges of "mind control" in the case were
"based on conjecture and uncorroborated by fact."[302]
New World Translation
Some Bible scholars including Bruce M. Metzger have asserted that the translation of certain texts in its New World Translation of the Bible is biased in favor of Witness practices and doctrines.[303][304][305][306][307]
English Bible editor Dr. Harold H. Rowley criticized the pre-release edition of the first volume (Genesis to Ruth) published in 1953 as "a shining example of how the Bible should not be translated."[308] On the other hand, in
his study on nine of "the Bibles most widely in use in the English-speaking world" Bible scholar Jason BeDuhn claimed that the New World Translation was not bias free, but that he considered it to be "the most accurate of
the translations compared," and "a remarkably good translation."[309] Professor Benjamin Kedar of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem described the translation as "an honest endeavor to achieve an understanding of the
text that is as accurate as possible."[310]
Bruce M. Metzger after stating, "on the whole, one gains a tolerably good impression of the scholarly equipment of the translators", goes on to criticize their insertion of the name Jehovah in the New Testament since it does
not appear in the extant Greek manuscripts.[311][312] Watch Tower Society publications have said the name was "restored" on a sound basis, particularly when New Testament writers used the Greek Kyrios (Lord) when
quoting Old Testament scriptures that contained the Tetragrammaton.[313] That view is endorsed by Bible scholar George Howard[314] and R. B. Girdlestone, late principal of Wycliffe Hall, Oxford.[315][316][317]
Failed predictions
Watch Tower Society publications have claimed that God has used Jehovah's Witnesses (and formerly, the International Bible Students) to declare his will[318][319] and has provided advance knowledge about
Armageddon and the establishment of God's kingdom.[320][321][322] Raymond Franz, who became a critic of the religion, has cited publications that claimed that God has used Jehovah's Witnesses and the International
Bible Students as a modern-day prophet.[note 6] Jehovah's Witnesses' publications have made various predictions about world events they believe were prophesied in the Bible.[323][324] Failed predictions have led to the
alteration or abandonment of some doctrines.[325][326] Critics highlight failed predictions that the Watch Tower Society had claimed were "beyond doubt" or "approved by God".[327] The Watch Tower Society rejects
accusations that it is a false prophet.[328] It says that unlike Old Testament prophets, its interpretations of the Bible are not inspired or infallible,[329][330][331] and that its predictions were not claimed as "the words of
Jehovah."[328] It states that some of its expectations have needed adjustment as a part of progressive revelation and of its eagerness for God's kingdom, adding that Witnesses are always ready to accept such adjustments
and that it would be "foolish to take the view that expectations needing some adjustment should call into question the whole body of truth."[332][333] George D. Chryssides has suggested that with the exception of
statements about 1914, 1925 and 1975, the changing views and dates of the Jehovah's Witnesses are largely attributable to changed understandings of biblical chronology than to failed predictions.[334]
Handling of sexual abuse cases
Main article: Jehovah's Witnesses and child sex abuse
Critics have accused Jehovah's Witnesses of employing organizational policies that make the reporting of sexual abuse difficult for members. Some victims of sexual abuse have asserted that they were ordered by certain
local elders to maintain silence so as to avoid embarrassment to both the accused and the organization.[335][336] Jehovah's Witnesses maintain that they have no policy of silence, and that elders are directed to report
abuse to authorities when there is evidence of abuse, and when required to by law. In 1997, Jehovah's Witnesses' Office of Public Information published their policy[337] for elders to report allegations of child abuse to the
authorities where required by law to do so, even if there was only one witness.[338][339] Any person known to have sexually abused a child is prohibited from holding any responsibility inside the organization.[340] Unless
considered by the congregation elders to demonstrate repentance, such a person is typically disfellowshipped.[198]
Notes
1.^ First occurrence: "Cruelties Go Unchecked in Malawi". Awake!: 3. 22 March 1976.
2.^ Twelve members as of September 2005 (See The Watchtower, March 15, 2006, page 26)
Schroeder died March 8, 2006. (See The Watchtower, September 15, 2006, page 31)
Sydlik died April 18, 2006. (See The Watchtower, January 1, 2007, page 8)
Barber died April 8, 2007. (See The Watchtower, October 15, 2007, page 31)
Jaracz died June 9, 2010. (See The Watchtower, November 15, 2010, page 23)
Barr died December 4, 2010. (See The Watchtower, May 15, 2011, page 6)
3.^ From 1956, baptism candidates were asked to acknowledge they were sinners needing salvation and confirm that they had dedicated themselves unreservedly to God and to do his will as revealed through Jesus Christ
and the Bible. In the June 1, 1985 Watchtower, it was announced that the questions had changed, with candidates from that point asked to confirm they had repented of their sins and dedicated themselves to do Jehovah's
will, and to acknowledge that their baptism identified themselves as one of Jehovah's Witnesses "in association with God's spirit-directed organization". Critic Raymond Franz (Crisis of Conscience, page 118) states that the
change in the questions requires baptism candidates to declare their submission and obligation to an earthly organization, or human authority structure. He contends: "The Watch Tower Society's second baptismal question
effectively replaces God's holy Spirit with the "spirit-directed organization".
4.^ For examples of what Franz (p.449) says is a concept "stressed with mesmerizing frequency", see the following: "Following Faithful Shepherds with Life in View", The Watchtower, October 1, 1967, page 591, "Make haste
to identify the visible theocratic organization of God that represents his king, Jesus Christ. It is essential for life. Doing so, be complete in accepting its every aspect."; The Watchtower, September 1, 2006, pg 15, "Have we
formed a loyal attachment to the organization that Jehovah is using today?"; "Your Reminders Are What I Am Fond Of", The Watchtower, June 15, 2006, pg 26, "We too should remain faithful to Jehovah and to his
organization regardless of injustices we suffer and regardless of what others do."; "Are You Prepared for Survival?", The Watchtower, May 15, 2006, pg 22, "Just as Noah and his God-fearing family were preserved in the ark,
survival of individuals today depends on their faith and their loyal association with the earthly part of Jehovah’s universal organization."; Worship The Only True God (Watch Tower Society, 2002), pg 134, "Jehovah is
guiding us today by means of his visible organization under Christ. Our attitude toward this arrangement demonstrates how we feel about the issue of sovereignty ... By being loyal to Jehovah’s organization, we show that
Jehovah is our God and that we are united in worship of him."
5.^ The most common example given is a baptized Witness who dates a non-Witness; see The Watchtower, July 15, 1999, p. 30.
6.^ Raymond Franz cites numerous examples. In Crisis of Conscience, 2002, pg. 173, he quotes from "They Shall Know That a Prophet Was Among Them", (The Watchtower, April 1, 1972,) which states that God had raised
Jehovah's Witnesses as a prophet "to warn (people) of dangers and declare things to come" He also cites "Identifying the Right Kind of Messenger" (The Watchtower, May 1, 1997, page 8) which identifies the Witnesses as
his "true messengers ... by making the messages he delivers through them come true", in contrast to "false messengers", whose predictions fail. In In Search of Christian Freedom, 2007, he quotes The Nations Shall Know
That I Am Jehovah – How? (1971, pg 70, 292) which describes Witnesses as the modern Ezekiel class, "a genuine prophet within our generation". The Watch Tower book noted: "Concerning the message faithfully delivered
by the Ezekiel class, Jehovah positively states that it 'must come true' ... those who wait undecided until it does 'come true' will also have to know that a prophet himself had proved to be in the midst of them." He also cites
"Execution of the Great Harlot Nears", (The Watchtower, October 15, 1980, pg 17) which claims God gives the Witnesses "special knowledge that others do not have ... advance knowledge about this system's end".
References
1.^ a b c 2012 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. 2012. p. 55.
2.^ Sources for descriptors:
• Millenarian: Beckford, James A. (1975). The Trumpet of Prophecy: A Sociological Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. pp. 118–119, 151, 200–201. ISBN 0631163107.
• Restorationist: Stark et al.; Iannaccone, Laurence (1997). "Why Jehovah's Witnesses Grow So Rapidly: A Theoretical Application". Journal of Contemporary Religion 12 (2): 133–157. doi:10.1080/13537909708580796.
• Christian: "Religious Tolerance.org". "Statistics on Religion".
• Denomination: "Jehovah's Witnesses at a Glance"."The American Heritage Dictionary"."Memorial and Museum AUSCHWITZ-BIRKENAU".
3.^ "Jehovah's Witnesses Official Media Web Site: Our History and Organization: Membership". Office of Public Information of Jehovah's Witnesses. "While other religious groups count their membership by occasional or
annual attendance, this figure reflects only those who are actively involved in the public Bible educational work [of Jehovah's Witnesses]."
4.^ "Guided by God's Spirit". Awake!: 32. June 2008.
5.^ "Statistics at Jehovah's Witnesses official website, 2010".
6.^ Holden, Andrew (2002). Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement. Routledge. p. 22. ISBN 0415266092.
7.^ "Focus on the Goodness of Jehovah's Organization". The Watchtower: 20. July 15, 2006.
8.^ Alan Rogerson (1969). Millions Now Living Will Never Die. Constable. p. 123.
9.^ "Jehovah's Witness". Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. 2007. ISBN 9781593392932.
10.^ Michael Hill, ed (1972). "The Embryonic State of a Religious Sect's Development: The Jehovah's Witnesses". Sociological Yearbook of Religion in Britain (5): 11–12. "Joseph Franklin Rutherford succeeded to Russell's
position as President of Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society, but only at the expense of antagonizing a large proportion of the Watch Towers subscribers. Nevertheless, he persisted in moulding the Society to suit his own
programme of activist evangelism under systematic central control, and he succeeded in creating the administrative structure of the present-day sect of Jehovah's Witnesses."
11.^ Leo P. Chall (1978). "Sociological Abstracts". Sociology of Religion 26 (1–3): 193. "Rutherford, through the Watch Tower Society, succeeded in changing all aspects of the sect from 1919 to 1932 and created
Jehovah's Witnesses—a charismatic offshoot of the Bible student community."
12.^ Isaiah 43:10–12
13.^ Rogerson, Alan (1969). Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. London: Constable. pp. 55–. "In 1931 came an important milestone in the history of the organisation. For many years
Rutherford's followers had been called a variety of names: 'International Bible Students', 'Russellites', or 'Millennial Dawners'. In order to distinguish clearly his followers from the other groups who had separated in 1918
Rutherford proposed that they adopt an entirely new name—Jehovah's witnesses."
14.^ "A New Name". The Watch Tower: 291. October 1, 1931. "Since the death of Charles T. Russell there have arisen numerous companies formed out of those who once walked with him, each of these companies
claiming to teach the truth, and each calling themselves by some name, such as "Followers of Pastor Russell", "those who stand by the truth as expounded by Pastor Russell," "Associated Bible Students," and some by the
names of their local leaders. All of this tends to confusion and hinders those of good will who are not better informed from obtaining a knowledge of the truth."
15.^ Holden, Andrew (2002). Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement. Routledge. p. 64. ISBN 0415266092.
16.^ "Working in the "Field"—Before the Harvest", The Watchtower, October 15, 2000, page 28
17.^ "Proclaiming the Lord's Return (1870–1914)", Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, pp. 44–46
18.^ Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower. p. 42.
19.^ N.H. Barbour, C. T. Russell, The Three Worlds and the Harvest of This World, 1877, page 104.
20.^ N.H. Barbour & C. T. Russell, The Three Worlds, 1877, page 67.
21.^ Holden, A. (2002). Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement. Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 0585453144.
22.^ Zion's Watch Tower, July 1, 1879, pg 1: "This is the first number of the first volume of "Zion's Watch Tower," and it may not be amiss to state the object of its publication. That we are living "in the last days"—"the day of
the Lord"—"the end" of the Gospel age, and consequently, in the dawn of a "new" age."
23.^ Bible Examiner October, 1876 "Gentile Times: When Do They End?" pp 27–8: "The seven times will end in A.D. 1914; when Jerusalem shall be delivered forever ... when Gentile Governments shall have been dashed
to pieces; when God shall have poured out of his fury upon the nations and they acknowledge him King of Kings and Lord of Lords."
24.^ Studies in the Scriptures volume 4, "The Battle of Armageddon", 1897, pg xii
25.^ C. T. Russell, The Time is at Hand, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1889, page 101.
26.^ 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, Watch Tower, pages 38–39
27.^ Zion's Watch Tower, September 1884, pp. 7-8
28.^ Studies in the Scriptures volume 6 "The New Creation" pp. 195-272
29.^ C.T. Russell, "A Conspiracy Exposed", Zion's Watch Tower Extra edition, April 25, 1894, page 55–60, "This is a business association merely ... it has no creed or confession ... it is merely a business convenience in
disseminating the truth."]
30.^ Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses by George D. Chryssides, Scarecrow Press, 2008, page xxxiv, "Russell wanted to consolidate the movement he had started. ...In 1880, Bible House, a four-story building in
Allegheny, was completed, with printing facilities and meeting accommodation, and it became the organization's headquarters. The next stage of institutionalization was legal incorporation. In 1884, Russell formed the
Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society, which was incorporated in Pennsylvania... Russell was concerned that his supporters should feel part of a unified movement."
31.^ Religion in the Twentieth Century by Vergilius Ture Anselm Ferm, Philosophical Library, 1948, page 383, "As the [unincorporated Watch Tower] Society expanded, it became necessary to incorporate it and build a
more definite organization. In 1884, a charter was granted recognizing the Society as a religious, non-profit corporation."
32.^ Holden, Andrew (2002). Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement. Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 0415266092.
33.^ Holden, Andrew (2002). Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement. Routledge. p. 19. ISBN 0415266092.
34.^ A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States Greenwood Press: 1996. pg. 35: "Russell is naturally media literate, and the amount of literature he circulates proves staggering. Books, booklets, and
tracts are distributed by the hundreds of millions. This is supplemented by well-publicized speaking tours and a masterful press relations effort, which gives him widespread access to general audiences."
35.^ Zion's Watch Tower, Oct./Nov. 1882, pg. 5: "From an apparently small beginning, the tract work has spread to the immense proportions of 1,200,000 copies, or about 200,000,000 pages in four months, or about eight
times as much (in number) as were distributed by the American Tract Society in the last year."
36.^ The Overland Monthly, January 1910 pg. 130
37.^ The Overland Monthly, January 1910 pg. 130
38.^ W.T. Ellis, The Continent, McCormick Publishing Company, vol. 43, no. 40, October 3, 1912 pg. 1354
39.^ Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, ©1993 Watch Tower, page 59
40.^ Religious Diversity and American Religious History by Walter H. Conser, Sumner B. Twiss, University of Georgia Press, 1997, page 136, "The Jehovah's Witnesses...has maintained a very different attitude toward history.
Established initially in the 1870s by Charles Taze Russell under the title International Bible Students Association, this organization has proclaimed..."
41.^ Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, ©1993 Watch Tower, page 560
42.^ Watch Tower November 15, 1916 pg 1
43.^ Penton, M.J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. pp. 53. ISBN 0802079733, 9780802079732.
44.^ A.N. Pierson et al, Light After Darkness, 1917, page 4.
45.^ Crompton, Robert (1996). Counting the Days to Armageddon. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. pp. 101. ISBN 0227679393.
46.^ a b Penton, M.J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. pp. 58, 61–62. ISBN 0802079733, 9780802079732.
47.^ The Bible Students Monthly, vol. 9 no. 9, pp 1, 4: "The following article is extracted mainly from Pastor Russell's posthumous volume entitled "THE FINISHED MYSTERY," the 7th in the series of his STUDIES IN THE
SCRIPTURES and published subsequent to his death."
48.^ Lawson, John D., American State Trials, vol 13, Thomas Law Book Company, 1921, pg viii: "After his death and after we were in the war they issued a seventh volume of this series, entitled "The Finished Mystery,"
which, under the guise of being a posthumous work of Pastor Russell, included an attack on the war and an attack on patriotism, which were not written by Pastor Russell and could not have possibly been written by him."
49.^ Crompton, Robert (1996). Counting the Days to Armageddon. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. pp. 84–85. ISBN 0227679393. "One of Rutherford's first actions as president ... was, without reference either to his fellow
directors or to the editorial committee which Russell had nominated in his will, to commission a seventh volume of Studies in the Scriptures. Responsibility for preparing this volume was given to two of Russell's close
associates, George H. Fisher and Clayton J. Woodworth. On the face of it, their brief was to edit for publication the notes left by Russell ... and to draw upon his published writings ... It is obvious ... that it was not in any
straightforward sense the result of editing Russell's papers, rather it was in large measure the original work of Woodworth and Fisher at the behest of the new president."
50.^ "Publisher's Preface". The Finished Mystery. "But the fact is, he did write it. This book may properly be said to be a posthumous publication of Pastor Russell. Why?... This book is chiefly a compilation of things which
he wrote and which have been brought together in harmonious style by properly applying the symbols which he explained to the Church."
51.^ "The Revelation". The Finished Mystery. pp. 247–253.
52.^ Rogerson, Alan (1969). Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Constable & Co, London. pp. 44. ISBN 094559406.
53.^ a b Franz, Raymond (2007). "Chapter 4". In Search of Christian Freedom. Commentary Press. ISBN 0914675168.
54.^ Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. 1993. pp. 72–77.
55.^ a b Franz, Raymond (2007). In Search of Christian Freedom. p. 144. ISBN 0914675168.
56.^ Salvation, Watch Tower Society, 1939, as cited in Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, page 76
57.^ Rogerson, Alan (1969). Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Constable & Co, London. pp. 39, 52. ISBN 094559406.
58.^ Reed, David, Whither the Watchtower? Christian Research Journal, Summer 1993, pg 27: "By gradually replacing locally elected elders with his own appointees, he managed to transform a loose collection of
semiautonomous, democratically run congregations into a tight-knit organizational machine controlled from his office. Some local congregations broke away, forming such groups as the Chicago Bible Students, the Dawn
Bible Students, and the Laymen's Home Missionary Movement, all of which continue to this day."
59.^ Yearbook 1975, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, pages 93–94, "How many forsook true Christianity during the critical years of 1917 and 1918? An incomplete earthwide report shows that the Memorial of Jesus
Christ’s death on April 5, 1917, was attended by 21,274 ... At the Memorial celebration on April 13, 1919, a partial report gave an attendance of 17,961. Though incomplete, these figures make it clear that far less than
4,000 had ceased walking with their former associates in God’s service."
60.^ P.S.L. Johnson, The Present Truth and Herald of Christ's Epiphany, April 1927, pg 66
61.^ Thirty Years a Watchtower Slave, William J. Schnell, Baker, Grand Rapids, 1956, as cited by Rogerson, page 52. Rogerson notes that it is not clear exactly how many Bible Students left, but quotes Rutherford (Jehovah,
1934, page 277) as saying "only a few" who left other religions were then "in God's organization".
62.^ Annual Memorial attendance figures in 1925 (90,434) with 1928 (17,380) as detailed in Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose (Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1959, pages 110, 312–313)
63.^ Tony Wills (A People For His Name, pg. 167) cites The Watch Tower December 1, 1927 (pg 355) in which Rutherford states, "the larger percentage" of original Bible Students had by then departed.
64.^ The Watchtower November 15, 1930 pg 342: "The total number of those who have withdrawn from the Society and now oppose its work is comparatively large, when such are taken all together. These are now divided
into many companies, all claiming to be followers of Christ and claiming to be God's little flock"
65.^ The Watch Tower September 15, 1931 pg 279 col 2: "Without a dissenting voice the resolution was adopted amidst great enthusiasm and rejoicing."
66.^ The Watch Tower October 1, 1931 pp 291
67.^ Our Incoming World Government – God's Kingdom. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. p. 20.
68.^ "A New Name", The Watch Tower, October 1, 1931, pages 296–297.
69.^ The Watch Tower July 15, 1933 pg 214–15: "Beginning to count from the transgression resulting by reason of the League of Nations, and the giving of notice, which must begin May 25, 1926, the twenty-three hundred
days, or six years, four months, and twenty days, would end October 15, 1932 ... What, then, took place at the end of the twenty-three-hundred-day period? The Watchtower, issues of August 15 and September 1, 1932,
brought before God's people the Scriptural proof that the office of "elective elder", chosen or selected by vote of creatures, does not Scripturally exist, and that therefore the selection of elders by such means should end."
70.^ The Watch Tower July 15, 1933 pg 214 col 2
71.^ The Watch Tower "The Days of Daniel", December 15, 1929 pp 375–76: "The period of 1290 days, according to the undisputed facts, had its beginning with the end of January, 1919. Three years and seven months
thereafter must of necessity end with the beginning of September, 1922. What immediately followed that time that was of aid, encouragement, and comfort to the church of God? At the beginning of September, 1922,
there assembled at Cedar Point, Ohio a convention of the consecrated people of God ... From September 1, 1922, a period of three years eight and one-half months (1335 days) brings us to the middle of May, 1926... On
the twenty-fifth day of May, 1926, a great convention of God's anointed people assembled."
72.^ Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. 1993. pp. 83–84.
73.^ The Harp of God. 1921. pp. 231–236. states that "the Lord's second presence dates from 1874." The Harp of God at Google Books
74.^ Watchtower. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. March 1 1922. p. 71. and Prophecy. 1930. pp. 65–66. supported 1874.
75.^ Thomas Daniels (PDF). Historical Idealism and Jehovah's Witnesses. pp. 3–37. Retrieved 2006-02-01.
76.^ "Salvation Belongs to Jehovah", The Watchtower, September 15, 2002, page 24, "Rather than 'fleeing from idolatry,' as commanded in the Scriptures, [holding the flag] would actually mean being at the very center of
the ceremony. ...When national anthems are played, ...there is no need for [Jehovah's Witnesses] to take the special action of sitting down. It is not as though they had specifically chosen to stand for the anthem. On the
other hand, if a group are expected to stand and sing, then merely standing up out of respect but not singing would not constitute sharing in the sentiments of the song."
77.^ Beckford, James A. (1975). The Trumpet of Prophecy: A Sociological Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. pp. 47–52. ISBN 0631163107.
78.^ Beckford, James A. (1975). The Trumpet of Prophecy: A Sociological Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. pp. 52–55. ISBN 0631163107.
79.^ Penton, M. J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. pp. 89–90. ISBN 0802079733.
80.^ (PDF) Life Everlasting in Freedom of the Sons of God. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. 1966. pp. 29–35. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
81.^ "How Much Longer Will It Be?". Awake!: 17–20. October 8 1966.
82.^ Awake!. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. October 8, 1968. p. 14. ""Does this mean that the above evidence positively points to 1975 as the complete end of this system of things? Since the Bible does not
specifically state this, no man can say...If the 1970s should see intervention by Jehovah God to bring an end to a corrupt world drifting toward ultimate disintegration, that should surely not surprise us.""
83.^ A Contrast—Missionaries with an Urgent, Lifesaving Work. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. May 1, 1975. p. 285.
84.^ Penton, M. J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. p. 95. ISBN 0802079733.
85.^ "How Are You Using Your Life?". Our Kingdom Ministry: 63. May 1974. "Reports are heard of brothers selling their homes and property and planning to finish out the rest of their days in this old system in the pioneer
service. Certainly this is a fine way to spend the short time remaining before the wicked world's end."
86.^ Botting, Heather; Gary Botting (1984). The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. pp. 46. ISBN 0802065457.
87.^ Franz, Raymond. "1975—The Appropriate Time for God to Act" (PDF). Crisis of Conscience. pp. 237–253. ISBN 0914675230. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
88.^ Singelenberg, Richard (1989). "The '1975'-prophecy and its impact among Dutch Jehovah's Witnesses". Sociological Analysis 50 (1): 23–40. doi:10.2307/3710916. JSTOR 3710916. Notes a nine percent drop in total
publishers (door-to-door preachers) and a 38 per cent drop in pioneers (full-time preachers) in the Netherlands.
89.^ a b Stark and Iannoccone (1997). "Why the Jehovah's Witnesses Grow So Rapidly: A Theoretical Application" (PDF). Journal of Contemporary Religion: 142–143. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
90.^ Dart, John (January 30, 1982). "Defectors Feel 'Witness' Wrath: Critics say Baptism Rise Gives False Picture of Growth". Los Angeles Times: p. B4. Cited statistics showing a net increase of publishers worldwide from
1971 to 1981 of 737,241, while baptisms totaled 1.71 million for the same period.
91.^ Penton, M. J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 95. ISBN 0802079733.
92.^ The Watchtower. March 15, 1980. pp. 17–18. "With the appearance of the book Life Everlasting—in Freedom of the Sons of God, ... considerable expectation was aroused regarding the year 1975. ... there were other
statements published that implied that such realization of hopes by that year was more of a probability than a mere possibility. It is to be regretted that these latter statements apparently overshadowed the cautionary ones
and contributed to a buildup of the expectation already initiated. ... persons having to do with the publication of the information ... contributed to the buildup of hopes centered on that date."
93.^ Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. 1993. p. 106.
94.^ "Overseers and Ministerial Servants Theocratically Appointed". Watchtower. January 15, 2001. p. 17.
95.^ 1977 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. p. 258.
96.^ The Watchtower, October 1, 1967 pg 591–92: "Make haste to identify the visible theocratic organization of God that represents his king, Jesus Christ. It is essential for life. Doing so, be complete in accepting its every
aspect. We cannot claim to love God, yet deny his Word and channel of communication. Therefore, in submitting to Jehovah's visible theocratic organization, we must be in full and complete agreement with every feature
of its apostolic procedure and requirements."
97.^ a b c Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 0802079733.
98.^ Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. 2007 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. pp. 4, 6.
99.^ Botting, Heather & Gary (1984). The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0802065457.
100.^ Franz, Raymond (2007). In Search of Christian Freedom. Commentary Press. p. 123. ISBN 0914675176.
101.^ Franz, Raymond (2007). In Search of Christian Freedom. Commentary Press. p. 153. ISBN 0914675176.
102.^ Yearbook, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 2010.
103.^ The Watchtower, January 15, 2001, pages 14–15
104.^ Cooperating with the Governing Body Today. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. March 15, 1990. p. 20.
105.^ "Building for an Eternal Future", The Watchtower, January 1, 1986, page 24
106.^ "The Christian Congregation and Its Operation". The Watchtower: 599. 1 October 1977.
107.^ To all Bodies of Elders in the United States, August 1, 1995
108.^ "Go and Make Disciples, Baptizing Them", The Watchtower, April 1, 2006, page 22.
109.^ What Does the Bible Really Teach. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. p. 182. "Going beneath the water symbolizes that you have died to your former life course. Being raised up out of the water indicates that you
are now alive to do the will of God. Remember, too, that you have made a dedication to Jehovah God himself, not to a work, a cause, other humans, or an organization."
110.^ Franz, Raymond (2007). In Search of Christian Freedom. Commentary Press. pp. 449–464.. ISBN 0914675168.
111.^ Holden, Andrew (2002). Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement. Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 0415266092. "The structure of the movement and the intense loyalty demanded of each
individual at every level demonstrates the characteristics of totalitarianism."
112.^ You Can Live Forever in Paradise on Earth, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1989, page 255, "It is simply not true that all religions lead to the same goal. (Matthew 7:21–23; 24:21) You must be part of
Jehovah's organization, doing God's will, in order to receive his blessing of everlasting life."
113.^ "You Can Live Forever in Paradise on Earth—But How?", The Watchtower, February 15, 1983, page 12, "Jehovah is using only one organization today to accomplish his will. To receive everlasting life in the earthly
Paradise we must identify that organization and serve God as part of it."
114.^ "Serving Jehovah Loyally", The Watchtower, November 15, 1992, page 21, "I determined to stay by the faithful organization. How else can one get Jehovah's favor and blessing?" There is nowhere else to go for
divine favor and life eternal."
115.^ "Greater Blessings Through the New Covenant", The Watchtower, February 1, 1998, page 17, "Those of spiritual Israel still remaining on earth make up 'the faithful and discreet slave.' ... Only in association with them
can acceptable sacred service be rendered to God."
116.^ "Be Aglow With the Spirit", The Watchtower, October 15, 2009, "Those with an earthly hope should therefore recognize Christ as their head and be submissive to the Faithful and Discreet Slave and its Governing Body
and to the men appointed as overseers in the congregation."
117.^ "Move Ahead with Jehovah's Organization", The Watchtower, June 1, 1967, page 337, "What, can we say, is the basic principle underlying the movement of Jehovah's living organization? It can be expressed in one
word: OBEDIENCE. Loving obedience from the heart is all. This is the basic formula upon which the organization rests and operates." (Emphasis in original.)
118.^ "How Jehovah Prospers His Work", The Watchtower,page.22 December 1, 1990
119.^ How are you funded? Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Media Web Site
120.^ Organized to Do Jehovah's Will, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 2005, pages 17–18.
121.^ "Cooperating With the Governing Body Today,", The Watchtower, March 15, 1990, page 19.
122.^ "Focus on the Goodness of Jehovah's Organization". The Watchtower: 22. 15 July 2006.
123.^ "Impart God's Progressive Revelation to Mankind", The Watchtower, March 1, 1965, pp. 158–159
124.^ Penton, M. J. Penton. Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. pp. 165–171. ISBN 0802079733.
125.^ Flashes of Light—Great and Small", The Watchtower, May 15, 1995, page 15.
126.^ Penton, M.J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. p. 165. ISBN 0802079733, 9780802079732.
127.^ J. F. Rutherford, Preparation, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1933, page 64, 67, "Enlightenment proceeds from Jehovah by and through Christ Jesus and is given to the faithful anointed on earth at the temple,
and brings great peace and consolation to them. Again Zechariah talked with the angel of the Lord, which shows that the remnant are instructed by the angels of the Lord. The remnant do not hear audible sounds, because
such is not necessary. Jehovah has provided his own good way to convey thoughts to the minds of his anointed ones ... Those of the remnant, being honest and true, must say, We do not know; and the Lord enlightens them,
sending his angels for that very purpose."
128.^ "The Spirit Searches into the Deep Things of God", The Watchtower, July 15, 2010, page 23, "When the time comes to clarify a spiritual matter in our day, holy spirit helps responsible representatives of 'the faithful
and discreet slave' at world headquarters to discern deep truths that were not previously understood. The Governing Body as a whole considers adjusted explanations. What they learn, they publish for the benefit of all."
129.^ "Do We Need Help to Understand the Bible?". The Watchtower: 19. February 15, 1981. ""True, the brothers preparing these publications are not infallible. Their writings are not inspired as are those of Paul and the
other Bible writers. (2 Tim. 3:16) And so, at times, it has been necessary, as understanding became clearer, to correct views. (Prov. 4:18)""
130.^ "Do You See the Evidence of God's Guidance?", The Watchtower, April 15, 2011, pages 3–5, "How, then, do we react when we receive divine direction? Do we try to apply it “right afterward”? Or do we continue
doing things just as we have been accustomed to doing them? Are we familiar with up-to-date directions, such as those regarding conducting home Bible studies, preaching to foreign speaking people, regularly sharing in
family worship, cooperating with Hospital Liaison Committees, and conducting ourselves properly at conventions? ... Do you clearly discern the evidence of divine guidance? Jehovah uses his organization to guide us, his
people, through “the wilderness” during these last days of Satan’s wicked world."
131.^ "Unity Identifies True Worship", The Watchtower, September 15, 2010, page 13 par.8 "This spiritual food is based on God’s Word. Thus, what is taught is not from men but from Jehovah.—Isa. 54:13."
132.^ a b "Overseers of Jehovah’s People", The Watchtower, June 15, 1957, "Let us now unmistakably identify Jehovah’s channel of communication for our day, that we may continue in his favor ... It is vital that we
appreciate this fact and respond to the directions of the “slave” as we would to the voice of God, because it is His provision."
133.^ Penton, M. J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 172. ISBN 0802079733.
134.^ All Scripture is Inspired of God, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1990, page 336.
135.^ All Scripture is Inspired of God, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1990, page 9.
136.^ Reasoning From The Scriptures | pp. 199–208 Jehovah's Witnesses
137.^ Holden, Andrew (2002). Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement. Routledge. p. 67. ISBN 0415266092. "Materials such as The Watchtower are almost as significant to the Witnesses as the
Bible, since the information is presented as the inspired work of theologians, and they are, therefore, believed to contain as much truth as biblical texts."
138.^ Penton, M. J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. p. 163. ISBN 0802079733. "Since 1954 the society's officers ... have come closer and closer to admitting that
it is the governing body and the society (theoretically acting for the remnant of the 144,000 of the 'faithful and discreet slave'), and not the Bible, which is the primary spiritual authority among Jehovah's Witnesses."
139.^ "Is Religious Truth Attainable?". The Watchtower: 6. April 15, 1995. "By comparing the Witnesses’ beliefs, standards of conduct, and organization with the Bible, unbiased people can clearly see that these harmonize
with those of the first-century Christian congregation."
140.^ Beckford, James A. (1975). The Trumpet of Prophecy: A Sociological Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. pp. 84, 89, 92, 119–120. ISBN 0631163107.
141.^ "Questions From Readers", The Watchtower April 1, 1986 pp. 30–31.
142.^ a b James A. Beverley, Crisis of Allegiance, Welch Publishing Company, Burlington, Ontario, 1986, ISBN 0920413374, pages 25–26, 101, "For every passage in Society literature that urges members to be bold and
courageous in critical pursuits, there are many others that warn about independent thinking and the peril of questioning the organization ... Fear of disobedience to the Governing Body keeps Jehovah's Witnesses from
carefully checking into biblical doctrine or allegations concerning false prophecy, faulty scholarship, and injustice. Witnesses are told not to read books like this one."
143.^ "Keep Clear of False Worship!", The Watchtower, 15 March 2006, "True Christians keep clear of false worship, rejecting false religious teachings. This means that we avoid exposure to religious programs on radio and
television as well as religious literature that promotes lies about God and his Word."
144.^ Question box, Our Kingdom Ministry, September 2007, "The faithful and discreet slave does not endorse any literature, meetings, or Web sites that are not produced or organized under its oversight."
145.^ Question Box, Our Kingdom Ministry, September 2007, "Throughout the earth, Jehovah’s people are receiving ample spiritual instruction and encouragement at congregation meetings, assemblies, and conventions,
as well as through the publications of Jehovah’s organization. Under the guidance of his holy spirit and on the basis of his Word of truth, Jehovah provides what is needed so that all of God’s people may be fitly united in the
same mind and in the same line of thought and remain stabilized in the faith. Surely we are grateful for Jehovah’s spiritual provisions in these last days. Thus, the faithful and discreet slave does not endorse any literature,
meetings, or Web sites that are not produced or organized under its oversight."
146.^ "Make Your Advancement Manifest", The Watchtower, August 1, 2001, page 14, "Since oneness is to be observed, a mature Christian must be in unity and full harmony with fellow believers as far as faith and
knowledge are concerned. He does not advocate or insist on personal opinions or harbor private ideas when it comes to Bible understanding. Rather, he has complete confidence in the truth as it is revealed by Jehovah
God through his Son, Jesus Christ, and the faithful and discreet slave."
147.^ Testimony by Fred Franz, Transcript, Lord Strachan vs. Douglas Walsh, 1954. page 123, Q: "Did you imply that the individual member has the right of reading the books and the Bible and forming his own view as to
the proper interpretation of Holy Writ? A:" .... No....The Scripture is there given in support of the statement, and therefore the individual when he looks up the Scripture and thereby verifies the statement,...search[es] the
Scripture to see whether these things were so."
meetings, directing the public preaching work, and creating "judicial committees" to investigate and decide disciplinary action for cases that are seen as breaching their doctrines. New elders are appointed by branch
offices after recommendation by the existing body of elders. Ministerial servants—appointed in a similar manner to elders—fulfill clerical and attendant duties, but may also teach and conduct meetings.[97] Witnesses do
not use elder as a title to signify a formal clergy-laity division,[106] though elders may employ ecclesiastical privilege.[107]
Individuals undergoing baptism must affirm publicly that dedication and baptism identify them "as one of Jehovah’s Witnesses in association with God's spirit-directed organization,"[108] though Witness publications say
baptism symbolizes personal dedication to God and not "to a man, work or organization."[109][note 3] Watch Tower Society publications emphasize the need for members to be obedient and loyal to Jehovah and to "his
organization",[110][111][note 4] stating that individuals must remain part of it to receive God's favor and to survive Armageddon.[112][113][114] Witness publications state that acceptable service to God can be rendered
only through that organization[115] and that members should remain submissive to the religion's leaders and to local congregational elders.[116][117] There is no tithing or collection; funding for all activities of the
organization is provided by voluntary contributions, primarily from members.[118][119]
Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body, which assumes responsibility for interpreting and applying scripture.[46][120][121] Watch Tower Society publications teach that doctrinal changes
and refinements result from a process of progressive revelation, in which God gradually reveals his will and purpose,[122][123][124][125] and that such enlightenment results from the application of reason and study,[126]
the guidance of the holy spirit, and direction from Jesus Christ and angels.[127] The Society also teaches that "responsible representatives" of the "faithful and discreet slave class" at the religion's headquarters are helped
by the holy spirit to discern "deep truths", which are then considered by the entire Governing Body before it makes doctrinal decisions.[128] The religion's leadership, while disclaiming divine inspiration and infallibility,[129]
is said to provide "divine guidance"[130] through its teachings described as "based on God's Word thus...not from men, but from Jehovah."[131][132]
The entire Protestant canon of scripture is considered the inspired, inerrant word of God.[133] Jehovah's Witnesses consider the Bible to be scientifically and historically accurate and reliable[134] and interpret much of it
literally, but accept parts of it as symbolic.[135] They consider the Bible to be the final authority for all their beliefs,[136] although sociologist Andrew Holden's ethnographic study of the religion concluded that
pronouncements of the Governing Body, through Watch Tower Society publications, carry almost as much weight as the Bible.[137][138] Jehovah's Witnesses believe their religion restores the doctrines of "true" Christianity.
[139] The religion makes no provision for members to criticize or contribute to official teachings[140] and all Witnesses must abide by its doctrines and organizational requirements.[141] Witnesses are cautioned against
studying the Bible independently from its publications or to read any other religious literature.[142][143][144] Adherents are told to have "complete confidence" in the leadership, avoid skepticism over Watchtower teachings
and "not advocate or insist on personal opinions or harbor private ideas when it comes to Bible understanding".[145][146][147][148]
Jehovah and Jesus Christ
Jehovah's Witnesses emphasize use of God's biblical name, represented in the original texts by the Tetragrammaton, and in English they prefer to use the name, Jehovah.[149] They believe that Jehovah is the only true
God, the creator of all things, and the "Universal Sovereign". They believe that all worship should be directed toward him, and that he is not part of a Trinity;[150] consequently, the religion places more emphasis on God
than on Christ.[151][152] They believe that the holy spirit is God's power or "active force" rather than a person.[153]
The Tetragrammaton
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus was God's only direct creation, that everything else was created by means of Christ, and that the initial unassisted act of creation uniquely identifies Jesus as God's "only-begotten Son".
[154] Jesus served as a redeemer and a ransom sacrifice to pay for the sins of humankind.[155] They believe Jesus died on a single upright torture stake rather than the traditional cross.[156] They believe that references in
the Bible to the Archangel Michael, Abaddon (Apollyon), and the Word all refer to Jesus.[157] Jesus is considered to be the only intercessor and high priest between God and humankind, and appointed by God as the king
and judge of his kingdom.[158] His role as a mediator (referred to in 1 Timothy 2:5) is restricted to anointed Christians.[159]
Satan
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Satan was originally a perfect angel who developed feelings of self-importance and craved worship. Satan caused Adam and Eve to disobey God, and humanity subsequently became
participants in a challenge involving the competing claims of Jehovah and Satan to universal sovereignty.[160] Other angels who sided with Satan became demons.
Jehovah's Witnesses teach that Satan and his demons were cast down to earth from heaven after October 1, 1914,[161] at which point the end times began. Witnesses believe that Satan is the ruler of the current world order,
[160] that human society is influenced and misled by Satan and his demons, and that they are a cause of human suffering. However, they do not believe that individual rulers or governments are under Satan's direct control.
[162][163] Researchers including sociologist James Beckford and psychologist Havor Montague have noted Jehovah's Witnesses' dread of demons, which James Penton says is "sometimes so extreme that it becomes quite
superstitious." Penton also notes that avoidance of "demonistic practices" has released many people in Africa and Latin America from fear of spirits.[160][164][165]
Life after death
Main article: Jehovah's Witnesses and salvation
Jehovah's Witnesses believe death is a state of non-existence with no consciousness. There is no Hell of fiery torment; Hades and Sheol are understood to refer to the condition of death, termed the common grave.[166]
Jehovah's Witnesses consider the soul to be a life or a living body that can die.[167] Witnesses believe that a limited "little flock" go to heaven, but that the hope for life after death for the majority of "other sheep" involves
being resurrected by God to a cleansed earth after Armageddon. Watch Tower Society publications teach that humanity is in a sinful state,[167] from which release is only possible by means of Jesus' shed blood as a
payment, or atonement, for the sins of humankind.[168] Witnesses believe there are two destinations for those saved by God. They interpret Revelation 14:1–5 to mean that the number of Christians going to heaven is limited
to exactly 144,000, who will rule with Jesus as kings and priests over earth. The remainder hope to live forever in an earthly paradise.[169] Jehovah's Witnesses teach that only they meet scriptural requirements for surviving
Armageddon, but that God is the final judge.[170][171][172] During the millennium, most other people who died since the time of Abel and before Armageddon will be resurrected with the prospect of living forever; they will
be taught the proper way to worship God to prepare them for their final test before the end of the millennium.[173]
God's kingdom
Witness publications teach that God's kingdom is a literal government in heaven, ruled by Jesus Christ and 144,000 Christians drawn from the earth.[174] The kingdom is viewed as the means by which God will accomplish
his original purpose for the earth, transforming it into a paradise without sickness or death.[175] It is said to have been the focal point of Jesus' ministry on earth[176] and established in heaven in 1914.[177] They believe
1914 marks the restoration of God's rule over earth after being halted for 2520 years since 607 BCE, the date they uniquely assign to the destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians.[178]
Eschatology
Main article: Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses
A central teaching of Jehovah's Witnesses is that the current world era, or "system of things", entered the "last days"[179] in 1914 and faces imminent destruction through intervention by God and Jesus Christ, leading to
deliverance for those who worship God acceptably.[180] They consider all other present-day religions to be false, identifying them with "Babylon the Great", or the "harlot", of Revelation 17,[181] and believe that they will
soon be destroyed by the United Nations. This development will mark the beginning of the great tribulation.[182] Satan will subsequently attack Jehovah's Witnesses, an action that will prompt God to begin the war of
Armageddon, during which all forms of government and all people not counted as Christ's "sheep", or true followers, will be destroyed. After Armageddon, God will extend his heavenly kingdom to include Earth, which will
be transformed into a paradise similar to the Garden of Eden.[183] After Armageddon, most of those who had died before God's intervention will gradually be resurrected during "judgment day" lasting for a thousand years.
This judgment will be based on their actions after resurrection, not on past deeds. At the end of the thousand years, a final test will take place when Satan is released to mislead perfect mankind. The end result will be a fully
tested, glorified human race. Christ will then hand all authority back to God.[184]
Watch Tower Society publications teach that Jesus Christ began to rule in heaven as king of God's Kingdom in October 1914, and that Satan was subsequently ousted from heaven to the earth, resulting in "woe" to mankind.
They believe that Jesus rules invisibly, perceived only as a series of "signs". They base this belief on a rendering of the Greek word parousia—usually translated as "coming" when referring to Christ—as "presence". They
believe Jesus' presence refers to a period of unknown duration rather than a moment of arrival.[185]
Worship at a Kingdom Hall.
Meetings for worship and study are held at Kingdom Halls, which are typically functional in character, and do not contain religious symbols.[186] Witnesses are assigned to a congregation in whose "territory" they reside and
attend weekly services they refer to as "meetings" as scheduled by congregation elders. The meetings are largely devoted to study of Watch Tower Society literature and the Bible. The format of the meetings is established
by the religion's headquarters, and the subject matter for most meetings is the same worldwide.[186] Congregations meet for two sessions each week comprising five distinct meetings that total about three-and-a-half hours,
typically gathering mid-week (three meetings) and on the weekend (two meetings). Gatherings are opened and closed with kingdom songs and brief prayers. Each year, Witnesses from a number of congregations that form a
"circuit" gather for one-day, and two-day assemblies. Several circuits meet once a year for a three-day "district convention", usually at rented stadiums or auditoriums. Their most important and solemn event is the
commemoration of the "Lord's Evening Meal", or "Memorial of Christ's Death", which generally falls on the same date as the Jewish Passover.
Evangelism
Jehovah's Witnesses are known for their preaching from house to house.
Jehovah's Witnesses are perhaps best known for their efforts to spread their beliefs, most notably by visiting people from house to house.[187][188] Free home Bible studies are offered to people who show interest in their
beliefs, which they present with the aid of books, brochures and magazines, including The Watchtower. Some literature is available in 500 languages.[189] Witnesses are told they are under a biblical command to engage
in public preaching.[190][191] They are instructed to devote as much time as possible to their ministry and are required to submit an individual monthly "Field Service Report".[192][193] Baptized members who fail to
submit a report every month are termed "irregular" and may be counseled by elders;[194][195] those who do not submit a report for six consecutive months are termed "inactive".[196]
Ethics and morality
Their views of morality reflect conservative Christian values. All sexual relations outside of marriage are grounds for expulsion if the individual is not deemed repentant;[197][198] homosexuality is considered a serious sin,
and same-sex marriages are forbidden. Abortion is considered murder.[199] Modesty in dress and grooming is frequently emphasized. Gambling, drunkenness, illegal drugs, and tobacco use are forbidden.[200] Drinking of
alcoholic beverages is permitted in moderation.[199]
The family structure is patriarchal. The husband is considered the final authority on family decisions, but is encouraged to solicit his wife's thoughts and feelings, as well as those of his children. Marriages are required to be
monogamous and legally registered.[201][202] Marrying a non-believer, or endorsing such a union, is strongly discouraged and carries religious sanctions.[203][204] Divorce is discouraged, and remarriage is forbidden
unless a divorce is obtained on the grounds of adultery, termed "a scriptural divorce".[205] If a divorce is obtained for any other reason, remarriage is considered adultery while the prior spouse is still alive and has not begun
another sexual relationship.[206] Extreme physical abuse, willful non-support of one's family, and what the religion terms "absolute endangerment of spirituality" are considered grounds for legal separation.[207][208]
Disciplinary action
Main article: Jehovah's Witnesses and congregational discipline
Formal discipline is administered by congregation elders. When a baptized member is accused of committing a serious sin—usually involving offenses against the religion's code of personal morality[209] or charges of
apostasy for disputing the Watch Tower Society's doctrines[210][211]—a judicial committee is formed to determine guilt, provide help and possibly administer discipline. Disfellowshipping, a form of shunning, is the
strongest form of discipline administered.[212] Contact with disfellowshipped individuals is limited to direct family members living in the same home, and with congregation elders who may invite disfellowshipped persons to
apply for reinstatement;[213][214] formal business dealings may continue if contractually or financially obliged.[215] Witnesses are taught that avoiding social and spiritual interaction with disfellowshipped individuals keeps
the congregation free from immoral influence and that "losing precious fellowship with loved ones may help [the shunned individual] to come 'to his senses,' see the seriousness of his wrong, and take steps to return to
Jehovah."[216] The practice of shunning may also serve to deter other members from dissident behavior.[217] Members who disassociate (formally resign) are described in Watch Tower Society literature as lawless and
wicked and are also shunned.[218][219][220] Expelled individuals may eventually be reinstated to the congregation if deemed repentant by elders in the congregation in which the disfellowshipping was enforced.[221]
Reproof is given formally by a judicial committee to a baptized Witness who is considered repentant of serious sin; the reproved person temporarily loses conspicuous privileges of service, but suffers no restriction of social or
spiritual fellowship.[222] Marking, a curtailing of social but not spiritual fellowship, is practiced if a baptized member persists in a course of action regarded as a violation of Bible principles but not a serious sin.[note 5]
Separateness
Main article: Jehovah's Witnesses and governments
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the Bible condemns the mixing of religions, on the basis that there can only be one truth from God, and therefore reject interfaith and ecumenical movements.[223][224][225] They believe
that only their religion represents true Christianity, and that other religions fail to meet all the requirements set by God and will soon be destroyed.[226] Jehovah's Witnesses are taught that it is vital to remain "separate from
the world." Watch Tower Society publications define the "world" as "the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants" and teach that it is ruled by Satan and a place of danger and moral contamination.[227]
[228][229] Because of perceived dangers from "worldly" association,[230] Witnesses are advised to minimize social contact with non-members to better maintain their own standards of morality.[231][232][233]
Jehovah's Witnesses believe their highest allegiance belongs to God's kingdom, which is viewed as an actual government in heaven, with Christ as king. They remain politically neutral, do not seek public office, and are
discouraged from voting, though individual members may participate in uncontroversial community improvement issues.[234][235] They abstain from celebrating religious holidays and birthdays and reject many customs
they believe have pagan origins. They do not work in industries associated with the military, do not serve in the armed services,[236] and refuse national military service, which in some countries may result in their arrest and
imprisonment.[237] They do not salute or pledge allegiance to flags or sing national anthems or patriotic songs.[238] Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves as a worldwide brotherhood that transcends national boundaries and
ethnic loyalties.[239][240] Sociologist Ronald Lawson has suggested the religion's intellectual and organizational isolation, coupled with the intense indoctrination of adherents, rigid internal discipline and considerable
persecution, has contributed to the consistency of its sense of urgency in its apocalyptic message.[241]
Rejection of blood transfusions
Main article: Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions
Jehovah's Witnesses refuse blood transfusions, which they consider a violation of God's law based on their interpretation of Acts 15:28, 29 and other scriptures.[242][243][244] Since 1961 the willing acceptance of a blood
transfusion by an unrepentant member has been grounds for expulsion from the religion.[245][246] Watch Tower Society literature directs Witnesses to refuse blood transfusions, even in "a life-or-death situation".[247][248]
[249] Jehovah's Witnesses accept non-blood alternatives and other medical procedures in lieu of blood transfusions, and the Watch Tower Society provides information about current non-blood medical procedures.[250]
Though Jehovah's Witnesses do not accept blood transfusions of whole blood, they may accept some blood plasma fractions at their own discretion.[251][252][253] The Watch Tower Society provides pre-formatted Power of
Attorney documents prohibiting major blood components, in which members can specify which allowable fractions and treatments they will personally accept.[254][255] Jehovah's Witnesses have established Hospital
Liaison Committees as a cooperative arrangement between individual Jehovah's Witnesses and medical professionals and hospitals.[256][257]
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses have an active presence in most countries, but do not form a large part of the population of any country.
As of August 2011, Jehovah's Witnesses report an average of 7.39 million publishers—the term they use for members actively involved in preaching—in 109,403 congregations.[1] In 2011, these reports indicated over 1.7
billion hours spent in preaching and Bible study activity. Since the mid-1990s, the number of peak publishers has increased from 4.5 million to 7.65 million.[258] Jehovah's Witnesses estimate their current worldwide growth
rate to be 2.4% per year.[1]
The official published membership statistics, such as those mentioned above, include only those who submit reports for their personal ministry; official statistics do not include inactive and disfellowshipped individuals or
others who might attend their meetings. As a result, only about half of those who self-identified as Jehovah's Witnesses in independent demographic studies are considered active by the faith itself.[259][260] The 2008 US
Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey found a low retention rate among members of the religion: about 37% of people raised in the religion continued to identify themselves as Jehovah's Witnesses.[261][262] Despite
this, the National Council of Churches concluded that Jehovah's Witnesses "had the largest growth of any single denomination [in America]" with a 4.7% increase in 2009.[263]
Sociological analysis
See also: Sociological classifications of religious movements
Sociologist James A. Beckford has classified the organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses as Totalizing, characterized by an assertive leadership, specific and narrow objectives, control over competing demands on
members' time and energy, and control over the quality of new members. Other characteristics of the classification include likelihood of friction with secular authorities, reluctance to co-operate with other religious
organizations, a high rate of membership turnover, a low rate of doctrinal change, and strict uniformity of beliefs among members.[264] Beckford identified the religion's chief characteristics as historicism (identifying
historical events as relating to the outworking of God's purpose), absolutism (conviction that the Watch Tower Society dispenses absolute truth), activism (capacity to motivate members to perform missionary tasks),
rationalism (conviction that Witness doctrines have a rational basis devoid of mystery), authoritarianism (rigid presentation of regulations without the opportunity for criticism) and world indifference (rejection of certain
secular requirements and medical treatments).[265]
Sociologist Bryan R. Wilson, in his consideration of five religions including Jehovah's Witnesses, noted that each of the religions:[266]
1."exists in a state of tension with the wider society;"
2."imposes tests of merit on would-be members;"
3."exercises stern discipline, regulating the declared beliefs and the life habits of members and prescribing and operating sanctions for those who deviate, including the possibility of expulsion;"
4."demands sustained and total commitment from its members, and the subordination, and perhaps even the exclusion of all other interests."
Opposition
Controversy surrounding various beliefs, doctrines and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses has led to opposition from local governments, communities, and religious groups. Religious commentator Ken Jubber wrote that
"Viewed globally, this persecution has been so persistent and of such an intensity that it would not be inaccurate to regard Jehovah's witnesses as the most persecuted religion of the twentieth century."[267]
Persecution
Main article: Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses
See also: Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany
Jehovah's Witness prisoners were identified by purple triangle badges in Nazi concentration camps.
Political and religious animosity against Jehovah's Witnesses has at times led to mob action and government oppression in various countries. Their doctrine of political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military has
led to imprisonment of members who refused conscription during World War II and at other times where national service has been compulsory. In Germany, as many as 12,000 Witnesses were sent to concentration camps,
[268] and were identified by purple triangles; as many as 5000 died.[269] More than 200 men were executed at the orders of German war courts.[270] In Canada, Jehovah's Witnesses were interned in camps[271] along with
political dissidents and people of Chinese and Japanese descent.[272] In the former Soviet Union, about 9300 Jehovah's Witness families were deported to Siberia as part of Operation North in April 1951.[273][274] Their
religious activities are currently banned or restricted in some countries, including China, Vietnam and some Islamic states.[275][276] Writers including Barbara Grizzuti Harrison, William Whalen, Alan Rogerson and William
Schnell have claimed the religion often incited opposition to pursue a course of martyrdom in a bid to attract dispossessed members of society and also reassure members of the "truth" of the Watchtower cause as
evidenced by the level of persecution from the outside world as they struggled to serve God.[277]
Legal challenges
Main article: Supreme Court cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses by country
Several cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses have been heard by Supreme Courts throughout the world. Their persistent legal challenges have broadened the definition of civil liberties in various countries.[278] The cases
generally relate to the right to practice their religion, displays of patriotism and military service, and blood transfusions.[279]
Criticism
Main article: Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses have attracted criticism over issues surrounding their Bible translation, doctrines, their handling of sexual abuse cases, and what is claimed to be coercion of members. Many of the claims are denied by
Jehovah's Witnesses and some have also been disputed by courts and religious scholars.
Suppression of free speech and thought
Critics have described the religion's leadership as autocratic and totalitarian because of Watch Tower Society requirements for loyalty and obedience by Witnesses,[132][280][281] intolerance of dissent about doctrines and
practices,[282] and the practice of expelling and shunning members who cannot conscientiously agree with all the religion's teachings.[211][283][284] Sociologist Andrew Holden says those who choose to leave the
religion "are seldom allowed a dignified exit. Not only is their disfellowshipping announced from the platform, they are also condemned as ‘mentally diseased’ or ‘apostates’."[285] Historian James Irvin Lichti has rejected the
description of the religion as "totalitarian".[286] Sociologist Rodney Stark states that while Jehovah's Witness leaders are "not always very democratic" and members are expected to conform to "rather strict standards,"
enforcement tends to be informal, sustained by close bonds of friendship and that Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves as "part of the power structure rather than subject to it."[89]
The Watch Tower Society's publications strongly discourage followers from questioning its doctrines and counsel, reasoning that the Society is to be trusted as "God's organization".[282][287][288][289] It warns members to
"avoid independent thinking", claiming such thinking "was introduced by Satan the Devil"[290][291] and would "cause division".[292] Critics charge that by disparaging individual decision-making, the Watch Tower Society
cultivates a system of unquestioning obedience[142][293] in which Witnesses abrogate all responsibility and rights over their personal lives.[294][295] Critics have accused the Watch Tower Society of exercising
"intellectual dominance" over Witnesses,[296] controlling information[211][297][298] and creating "mental isolation",[299] which former Governing Body member Raymond Franz argued were all elements of mind control.
[299] Holden, however, says the tabloid depiction of members as "brainwashed" is inaccurate, and that most members who join millenarian movements such as Jehovah's Witnesses have made an informed choice.[300]
Watch Tower Society publications state that consensus of faith aids unity.[301] They deny that unity restricts individuality or imagination.[301] In a case involving Jehovah's Witnesses' activities in Russia, the European Court
of Human Rights stated that the religion's requirements "are not fundamentally different from similar limitations that other religions impose on their followers' private lives" and that charges of "mind control" in the case were
"based on conjecture and uncorroborated by fact."[302]
New World Translation
Some Bible scholars including Bruce M. Metzger have asserted that the translation of certain texts in its New World Translation of the Bible is biased in favor of Witness practices and doctrines.[303][304][305][306][307]
English Bible editor Dr. Harold H. Rowley criticized the pre-release edition of the first volume (Genesis to Ruth) published in 1953 as "a shining example of how the Bible should not be translated."[308] On the other hand, in
his study on nine of "the Bibles most widely in use in the English-speaking world" Bible scholar Jason BeDuhn claimed that the New World Translation was not bias free, but that he considered it to be "the most accurate of
the translations compared," and "a remarkably good translation."[309] Professor Benjamin Kedar of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem described the translation as "an honest endeavor to achieve an understanding of the
text that is as accurate as possible."[310]
Bruce M. Metzger after stating, "on the whole, one gains a tolerably good impression of the scholarly equipment of the translators", goes on to criticize their insertion of the name Jehovah in the New Testament since it does
not appear in the extant Greek manuscripts.[311][312] Watch Tower Society publications have said the name was "restored" on a sound basis, particularly when New Testament writers used the Greek Kyrios (Lord) when
quoting Old Testament scriptures that contained the Tetragrammaton.[313] That view is endorsed by Bible scholar George Howard[314] and R. B. Girdlestone, late principal of Wycliffe Hall, Oxford.[315][316][317]
Failed predictions
Watch Tower Society publications have claimed that God has used Jehovah's Witnesses (and formerly, the International Bible Students) to declare his will[318][319] and has provided advance knowledge about
Armageddon and the establishment of God's kingdom.[320][321][322] Raymond Franz, who became a critic of the religion, has cited publications that claimed that God has used Jehovah's Witnesses and the International
Bible Students as a modern-day prophet.[note 6] Jehovah's Witnesses' publications have made various predictions about world events they believe were prophesied in the Bible.[323][324] Failed predictions have led to the
alteration or abandonment of some doctrines.[325][326] Critics highlight failed predictions that the Watch Tower Society had claimed were "beyond doubt" or "approved by God".[327] The Watch Tower Society rejects
accusations that it is a false prophet.[328] It says that unlike Old Testament prophets, its interpretations of the Bible are not inspired or infallible,[329][330][331] and that its predictions were not claimed as "the words of
Jehovah."[328] It states that some of its expectations have needed adjustment as a part of progressive revelation and of its eagerness for God's kingdom, adding that Witnesses are always ready to accept such adjustments
and that it would be "foolish to take the view that expectations needing some adjustment should call into question the whole body of truth."[332][333] George D. Chryssides has suggested that with the exception of
statements about 1914, 1925 and 1975, the changing views and dates of the Jehovah's Witnesses are largely attributable to changed understandings of biblical chronology than to failed predictions.[334]
Handling of sexual abuse cases
Main article: Jehovah's Witnesses and child sex abuse
Critics have accused Jehovah's Witnesses of employing organizational policies that make the reporting of sexual abuse difficult for members. Some victims of sexual abuse have asserted that they were ordered by certain
local elders to maintain silence so as to avoid embarrassment to both the accused and the organization.[335][336] Jehovah's Witnesses maintain that they have no policy of silence, and that elders are directed to report
abuse to authorities when there is evidence of abuse, and when required to by law. In 1997, Jehovah's Witnesses' Office of Public Information published their policy[337] for elders to report allegations of child abuse to the
authorities where required by law to do so, even if there was only one witness.[338][339] Any person known to have sexually abused a child is prohibited from holding any responsibility inside the organization.[340] Unless
considered by the congregation elders to demonstrate repentance, such a person is typically disfellowshipped.[198]
Notes
1.^ First occurrence: "Cruelties Go Unchecked in Malawi". Awake!: 3. 22 March 1976.
2.^ Twelve members as of September 2005 (See The Watchtower, March 15, 2006, page 26)
Schroeder died March 8, 2006. (See The Watchtower, September 15, 2006, page 31)
Sydlik died April 18, 2006. (See The Watchtower, January 1, 2007, page 8)
Barber died April 8, 2007. (See The Watchtower, October 15, 2007, page 31)
Jaracz died June 9, 2010. (See The Watchtower, November 15, 2010, page 23)
Barr died December 4, 2010. (See The Watchtower, May 15, 2011, page 6)
3.^ From 1956, baptism candidates were asked to acknowledge they were sinners needing salvation and confirm that they had dedicated themselves unreservedly to God and to do his will as revealed through Jesus Christ
and the Bible. In the June 1, 1985 Watchtower, it was announced that the questions had changed, with candidates from that point asked to confirm they had repented of their sins and dedicated themselves to do Jehovah's
will, and to acknowledge that their baptism identified themselves as one of Jehovah's Witnesses "in association with God's spirit-directed organization". Critic Raymond Franz (Crisis of Conscience, page 118) states that the
change in the questions requires baptism candidates to declare their submission and obligation to an earthly organization, or human authority structure. He contends: "The Watch Tower Society's second baptismal question
effectively replaces God's holy Spirit with the "spirit-directed organization".
4.^ For examples of what Franz (p.449) says is a concept "stressed with mesmerizing frequency", see the following: "Following Faithful Shepherds with Life in View", The Watchtower, October 1, 1967, page 591, "Make haste
to identify the visible theocratic organization of God that represents his king, Jesus Christ. It is essential for life. Doing so, be complete in accepting its every aspect."; The Watchtower, September 1, 2006, pg 15, "Have we
formed a loyal attachment to the organization that Jehovah is using today?"; "Your Reminders Are What I Am Fond Of", The Watchtower, June 15, 2006, pg 26, "We too should remain faithful to Jehovah and to his
organization regardless of injustices we suffer and regardless of what others do."; "Are You Prepared for Survival?", The Watchtower, May 15, 2006, pg 22, "Just as Noah and his God-fearing family were preserved in the ark,
survival of individuals today depends on their faith and their loyal association with the earthly part of Jehovah’s universal organization."; Worship The Only True God (Watch Tower Society, 2002), pg 134, "Jehovah is
guiding us today by means of his visible organization under Christ. Our attitude toward this arrangement demonstrates how we feel about the issue of sovereignty ... By being loyal to Jehovah’s organization, we show that
Jehovah is our God and that we are united in worship of him."
5.^ The most common example given is a baptized Witness who dates a non-Witness; see The Watchtower, July 15, 1999, p. 30.
6.^ Raymond Franz cites numerous examples. In Crisis of Conscience, 2002, pg. 173, he quotes from "They Shall Know That a Prophet Was Among Them", (The Watchtower, April 1, 1972,) which states that God had raised
Jehovah's Witnesses as a prophet "to warn (people) of dangers and declare things to come" He also cites "Identifying the Right Kind of Messenger" (The Watchtower, May 1, 1997, page 8) which identifies the Witnesses as
his "true messengers ... by making the messages he delivers through them come true", in contrast to "false messengers", whose predictions fail. In In Search of Christian Freedom, 2007, he quotes The Nations Shall Know
That I Am Jehovah – How? (1971, pg 70, 292) which describes Witnesses as the modern Ezekiel class, "a genuine prophet within our generation". The Watch Tower book noted: "Concerning the message faithfully delivered
by the Ezekiel class, Jehovah positively states that it 'must come true' ... those who wait undecided until it does 'come true' will also have to know that a prophet himself had proved to be in the midst of them." He also cites
"Execution of the Great Harlot Nears", (The Watchtower, October 15, 1980, pg 17) which claims God gives the Witnesses "special knowledge that others do not have ... advance knowledge about this system's end".
References
1.^ a b c 2012 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. 2012. p. 55.
2.^ Sources for descriptors:
• Millenarian: Beckford, James A. (1975). The Trumpet of Prophecy: A Sociological Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. pp. 118–119, 151, 200–201. ISBN 0631163107.
• Restorationist: Stark et al.; Iannaccone, Laurence (1997). "Why Jehovah's Witnesses Grow So Rapidly: A Theoretical Application". Journal of Contemporary Religion 12 (2): 133–157. doi:10.1080/13537909708580796.
• Christian: "Religious Tolerance.org". "Statistics on Religion".
• Denomination: "Jehovah's Witnesses at a Glance"."The American Heritage Dictionary"."Memorial and Museum AUSCHWITZ-BIRKENAU".
3.^ "Jehovah's Witnesses Official Media Web Site: Our History and Organization: Membership". Office of Public Information of Jehovah's Witnesses. "While other religious groups count their membership by occasional or
annual attendance, this figure reflects only those who are actively involved in the public Bible educational work [of Jehovah's Witnesses]."
4.^ "Guided by God's Spirit". Awake!: 32. June 2008.
5.^ "Statistics at Jehovah's Witnesses official website, 2010".
6.^ Holden, Andrew (2002). Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement. Routledge. p. 22. ISBN 0415266092.
7.^ "Focus on the Goodness of Jehovah's Organization". The Watchtower: 20. July 15, 2006.
8.^ Alan Rogerson (1969). Millions Now Living Will Never Die. Constable. p. 123.
9.^ "Jehovah's Witness". Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. 2007. ISBN 9781593392932.
10.^ Michael Hill, ed (1972). "The Embryonic State of a Religious Sect's Development: The Jehovah's Witnesses". Sociological Yearbook of Religion in Britain (5): 11–12. "Joseph Franklin Rutherford succeeded to Russell's
position as President of Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society, but only at the expense of antagonizing a large proportion of the Watch Towers subscribers. Nevertheless, he persisted in moulding the Society to suit his own
programme of activist evangelism under systematic central control, and he succeeded in creating the administrative structure of the present-day sect of Jehovah's Witnesses."
11.^ Leo P. Chall (1978). "Sociological Abstracts". Sociology of Religion 26 (1–3): 193. "Rutherford, through the Watch Tower Society, succeeded in changing all aspects of the sect from 1919 to 1932 and created
Jehovah's Witnesses—a charismatic offshoot of the Bible student community."
12.^ Isaiah 43:10–12
13.^ Rogerson, Alan (1969). Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. London: Constable. pp. 55–. "In 1931 came an important milestone in the history of the organisation. For many years
Rutherford's followers had been called a variety of names: 'International Bible Students', 'Russellites', or 'Millennial Dawners'. In order to distinguish clearly his followers from the other groups who had separated in 1918
Rutherford proposed that they adopt an entirely new name—Jehovah's witnesses."
14.^ "A New Name". The Watch Tower: 291. October 1, 1931. "Since the death of Charles T. Russell there have arisen numerous companies formed out of those who once walked with him, each of these companies
claiming to teach the truth, and each calling themselves by some name, such as "Followers of Pastor Russell", "those who stand by the truth as expounded by Pastor Russell," "Associated Bible Students," and some by the
names of their local leaders. All of this tends to confusion and hinders those of good will who are not better informed from obtaining a knowledge of the truth."
15.^ Holden, Andrew (2002). Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement. Routledge. p. 64. ISBN 0415266092.
16.^ "Working in the "Field"—Before the Harvest", The Watchtower, October 15, 2000, page 28
17.^ "Proclaiming the Lord's Return (1870–1914)", Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, pp. 44–46
18.^ Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watchtower. p. 42.
19.^ N.H. Barbour, C. T. Russell, The Three Worlds and the Harvest of This World, 1877, page 104.
20.^ N.H. Barbour & C. T. Russell, The Three Worlds, 1877, page 67.
21.^ Holden, A. (2002). Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement. Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 0585453144.
22.^ Zion's Watch Tower, July 1, 1879, pg 1: "This is the first number of the first volume of "Zion's Watch Tower," and it may not be amiss to state the object of its publication. That we are living "in the last days"—"the day of
the Lord"—"the end" of the Gospel age, and consequently, in the dawn of a "new" age."
23.^ Bible Examiner October, 1876 "Gentile Times: When Do They End?" pp 27–8: "The seven times will end in A.D. 1914; when Jerusalem shall be delivered forever ... when Gentile Governments shall have been dashed
to pieces; when God shall have poured out of his fury upon the nations and they acknowledge him King of Kings and Lord of Lords."
24.^ Studies in the Scriptures volume 4, "The Battle of Armageddon", 1897, pg xii
25.^ C. T. Russell, The Time is at Hand, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1889, page 101.
26.^ 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, Watch Tower, pages 38–39
27.^ Zion's Watch Tower, September 1884, pp. 7-8
28.^ Studies in the Scriptures volume 6 "The New Creation" pp. 195-272
29.^ C.T. Russell, "A Conspiracy Exposed", Zion's Watch Tower Extra edition, April 25, 1894, page 55–60, "This is a business association merely ... it has no creed or confession ... it is merely a business convenience in
disseminating the truth."]
30.^ Historical Dictionary of Jehovah's Witnesses by George D. Chryssides, Scarecrow Press, 2008, page xxxiv, "Russell wanted to consolidate the movement he had started. ...In 1880, Bible House, a four-story building in
Allegheny, was completed, with printing facilities and meeting accommodation, and it became the organization's headquarters. The next stage of institutionalization was legal incorporation. In 1884, Russell formed the
Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society, which was incorporated in Pennsylvania... Russell was concerned that his supporters should feel part of a unified movement."
31.^ Religion in the Twentieth Century by Vergilius Ture Anselm Ferm, Philosophical Library, 1948, page 383, "As the [unincorporated Watch Tower] Society expanded, it became necessary to incorporate it and build a
more definite organization. In 1884, a charter was granted recognizing the Society as a religious, non-profit corporation."
32.^ Holden, Andrew (2002). Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement. Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 0415266092.
33.^ Holden, Andrew (2002). Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement. Routledge. p. 19. ISBN 0415266092.
34.^ A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States Greenwood Press: 1996. pg. 35: "Russell is naturally media literate, and the amount of literature he circulates proves staggering. Books, booklets, and
tracts are distributed by the hundreds of millions. This is supplemented by well-publicized speaking tours and a masterful press relations effort, which gives him widespread access to general audiences."
35.^ Zion's Watch Tower, Oct./Nov. 1882, pg. 5: "From an apparently small beginning, the tract work has spread to the immense proportions of 1,200,000 copies, or about 200,000,000 pages in four months, or about eight
times as much (in number) as were distributed by the American Tract Society in the last year."
36.^ The Overland Monthly, January 1910 pg. 130
37.^ The Overland Monthly, January 1910 pg. 130
38.^ W.T. Ellis, The Continent, McCormick Publishing Company, vol. 43, no. 40, October 3, 1912 pg. 1354
39.^ Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, ©1993 Watch Tower, page 59
40.^ Religious Diversity and American Religious History by Walter H. Conser, Sumner B. Twiss, University of Georgia Press, 1997, page 136, "The Jehovah's Witnesses...has maintained a very different attitude toward history.
Established initially in the 1870s by Charles Taze Russell under the title International Bible Students Association, this organization has proclaimed..."
41.^ Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, ©1993 Watch Tower, page 560
42.^ Watch Tower November 15, 1916 pg 1
43.^ Penton, M.J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. pp. 53. ISBN 0802079733, 9780802079732.
44.^ A.N. Pierson et al, Light After Darkness, 1917, page 4.
45.^ Crompton, Robert (1996). Counting the Days to Armageddon. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. pp. 101. ISBN 0227679393.
46.^ a b Penton, M.J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. pp. 58, 61–62. ISBN 0802079733, 9780802079732.
47.^ The Bible Students Monthly, vol. 9 no. 9, pp 1, 4: "The following article is extracted mainly from Pastor Russell's posthumous volume entitled "THE FINISHED MYSTERY," the 7th in the series of his STUDIES IN THE
SCRIPTURES and published subsequent to his death."
48.^ Lawson, John D., American State Trials, vol 13, Thomas Law Book Company, 1921, pg viii: "After his death and after we were in the war they issued a seventh volume of this series, entitled "The Finished Mystery,"
which, under the guise of being a posthumous work of Pastor Russell, included an attack on the war and an attack on patriotism, which were not written by Pastor Russell and could not have possibly been written by him."
49.^ Crompton, Robert (1996). Counting the Days to Armageddon. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. pp. 84–85. ISBN 0227679393. "One of Rutherford's first actions as president ... was, without reference either to his fellow
directors or to the editorial committee which Russell had nominated in his will, to commission a seventh volume of Studies in the Scriptures. Responsibility for preparing this volume was given to two of Russell's close
associates, George H. Fisher and Clayton J. Woodworth. On the face of it, their brief was to edit for publication the notes left by Russell ... and to draw upon his published writings ... It is obvious ... that it was not in any
straightforward sense the result of editing Russell's papers, rather it was in large measure the original work of Woodworth and Fisher at the behest of the new president."
50.^ "Publisher's Preface". The Finished Mystery. "But the fact is, he did write it. This book may properly be said to be a posthumous publication of Pastor Russell. Why?... This book is chiefly a compilation of things which
he wrote and which have been brought together in harmonious style by properly applying the symbols which he explained to the Church."
51.^ "The Revelation". The Finished Mystery. pp. 247–253.
52.^ Rogerson, Alan (1969). Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Constable & Co, London. pp. 44. ISBN 094559406.
53.^ a b Franz, Raymond (2007). "Chapter 4". In Search of Christian Freedom. Commentary Press. ISBN 0914675168.
54.^ Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. 1993. pp. 72–77.
55.^ a b Franz, Raymond (2007). In Search of Christian Freedom. p. 144. ISBN 0914675168.
56.^ Salvation, Watch Tower Society, 1939, as cited in Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, page 76
57.^ Rogerson, Alan (1969). Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Constable & Co, London. pp. 39, 52. ISBN 094559406.
58.^ Reed, David, Whither the Watchtower? Christian Research Journal, Summer 1993, pg 27: "By gradually replacing locally elected elders with his own appointees, he managed to transform a loose collection of
semiautonomous, democratically run congregations into a tight-knit organizational machine controlled from his office. Some local congregations broke away, forming such groups as the Chicago Bible Students, the Dawn
Bible Students, and the Laymen's Home Missionary Movement, all of which continue to this day."
59.^ Yearbook 1975, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, pages 93–94, "How many forsook true Christianity during the critical years of 1917 and 1918? An incomplete earthwide report shows that the Memorial of Jesus
Christ’s death on April 5, 1917, was attended by 21,274 ... At the Memorial celebration on April 13, 1919, a partial report gave an attendance of 17,961. Though incomplete, these figures make it clear that far less than
4,000 had ceased walking with their former associates in God’s service."
60.^ P.S.L. Johnson, The Present Truth and Herald of Christ's Epiphany, April 1927, pg 66
61.^ Thirty Years a Watchtower Slave, William J. Schnell, Baker, Grand Rapids, 1956, as cited by Rogerson, page 52. Rogerson notes that it is not clear exactly how many Bible Students left, but quotes Rutherford (Jehovah,
1934, page 277) as saying "only a few" who left other religions were then "in God's organization".
62.^ Annual Memorial attendance figures in 1925 (90,434) with 1928 (17,380) as detailed in Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose (Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1959, pages 110, 312–313)
63.^ Tony Wills (A People For His Name, pg. 167) cites The Watch Tower December 1, 1927 (pg 355) in which Rutherford states, "the larger percentage" of original Bible Students had by then departed.
64.^ The Watchtower November 15, 1930 pg 342: "The total number of those who have withdrawn from the Society and now oppose its work is comparatively large, when such are taken all together. These are now divided
into many companies, all claiming to be followers of Christ and claiming to be God's little flock"
65.^ The Watch Tower September 15, 1931 pg 279 col 2: "Without a dissenting voice the resolution was adopted amidst great enthusiasm and rejoicing."
66.^ The Watch Tower October 1, 1931 pp 291
67.^ Our Incoming World Government – God's Kingdom. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. p. 20.
68.^ "A New Name", The Watch Tower, October 1, 1931, pages 296–297.
69.^ The Watch Tower July 15, 1933 pg 214–15: "Beginning to count from the transgression resulting by reason of the League of Nations, and the giving of notice, which must begin May 25, 1926, the twenty-three hundred
days, or six years, four months, and twenty days, would end October 15, 1932 ... What, then, took place at the end of the twenty-three-hundred-day period? The Watchtower, issues of August 15 and September 1, 1932,
brought before God's people the Scriptural proof that the office of "elective elder", chosen or selected by vote of creatures, does not Scripturally exist, and that therefore the selection of elders by such means should end."
70.^ The Watch Tower July 15, 1933 pg 214 col 2
71.^ The Watch Tower "The Days of Daniel", December 15, 1929 pp 375–76: "The period of 1290 days, according to the undisputed facts, had its beginning with the end of January, 1919. Three years and seven months
thereafter must of necessity end with the beginning of September, 1922. What immediately followed that time that was of aid, encouragement, and comfort to the church of God? At the beginning of September, 1922,
there assembled at Cedar Point, Ohio a convention of the consecrated people of God ... From September 1, 1922, a period of three years eight and one-half months (1335 days) brings us to the middle of May, 1926... On
the twenty-fifth day of May, 1926, a great convention of God's anointed people assembled."
72.^ Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. 1993. pp. 83–84.
73.^ The Harp of God. 1921. pp. 231–236. states that "the Lord's second presence dates from 1874." The Harp of God at Google Books
74.^ Watchtower. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. March 1 1922. p. 71. and Prophecy. 1930. pp. 65–66. supported 1874.
75.^ Thomas Daniels (PDF). Historical Idealism and Jehovah's Witnesses. pp. 3–37. Retrieved 2006-02-01.
76.^ "Salvation Belongs to Jehovah", The Watchtower, September 15, 2002, page 24, "Rather than 'fleeing from idolatry,' as commanded in the Scriptures, [holding the flag] would actually mean being at the very center of
the ceremony. ...When national anthems are played, ...there is no need for [Jehovah's Witnesses] to take the special action of sitting down. It is not as though they had specifically chosen to stand for the anthem. On the
other hand, if a group are expected to stand and sing, then merely standing up out of respect but not singing would not constitute sharing in the sentiments of the song."
77.^ Beckford, James A. (1975). The Trumpet of Prophecy: A Sociological Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. pp. 47–52. ISBN 0631163107.
78.^ Beckford, James A. (1975). The Trumpet of Prophecy: A Sociological Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. pp. 52–55. ISBN 0631163107.
79.^ Penton, M. J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. pp. 89–90. ISBN 0802079733.
80.^ (PDF) Life Everlasting in Freedom of the Sons of God. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. 1966. pp. 29–35. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
81.^ "How Much Longer Will It Be?". Awake!: 17–20. October 8 1966.
82.^ Awake!. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. October 8, 1968. p. 14. ""Does this mean that the above evidence positively points to 1975 as the complete end of this system of things? Since the Bible does not
specifically state this, no man can say...If the 1970s should see intervention by Jehovah God to bring an end to a corrupt world drifting toward ultimate disintegration, that should surely not surprise us.""
83.^ A Contrast—Missionaries with an Urgent, Lifesaving Work. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. May 1, 1975. p. 285.
84.^ Penton, M. J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. p. 95. ISBN 0802079733.
85.^ "How Are You Using Your Life?". Our Kingdom Ministry: 63. May 1974. "Reports are heard of brothers selling their homes and property and planning to finish out the rest of their days in this old system in the pioneer
service. Certainly this is a fine way to spend the short time remaining before the wicked world's end."
86.^ Botting, Heather; Gary Botting (1984). The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. pp. 46. ISBN 0802065457.
87.^ Franz, Raymond. "1975—The Appropriate Time for God to Act" (PDF). Crisis of Conscience. pp. 237–253. ISBN 0914675230. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
88.^ Singelenberg, Richard (1989). "The '1975'-prophecy and its impact among Dutch Jehovah's Witnesses". Sociological Analysis 50 (1): 23–40. doi:10.2307/3710916. JSTOR 3710916. Notes a nine percent drop in total
publishers (door-to-door preachers) and a 38 per cent drop in pioneers (full-time preachers) in the Netherlands.
89.^ a b Stark and Iannoccone (1997). "Why the Jehovah's Witnesses Grow So Rapidly: A Theoretical Application" (PDF). Journal of Contemporary Religion: 142–143. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
90.^ Dart, John (January 30, 1982). "Defectors Feel 'Witness' Wrath: Critics say Baptism Rise Gives False Picture of Growth". Los Angeles Times: p. B4. Cited statistics showing a net increase of publishers worldwide from
1971 to 1981 of 737,241, while baptisms totaled 1.71 million for the same period.
91.^ Penton, M. J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 95. ISBN 0802079733.
92.^ The Watchtower. March 15, 1980. pp. 17–18. "With the appearance of the book Life Everlasting—in Freedom of the Sons of God, ... considerable expectation was aroused regarding the year 1975. ... there were other
statements published that implied that such realization of hopes by that year was more of a probability than a mere possibility. It is to be regretted that these latter statements apparently overshadowed the cautionary ones
and contributed to a buildup of the expectation already initiated. ... persons having to do with the publication of the information ... contributed to the buildup of hopes centered on that date."
93.^ Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. 1993. p. 106.
94.^ "Overseers and Ministerial Servants Theocratically Appointed". Watchtower. January 15, 2001. p. 17.
95.^ 1977 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. p. 258.
96.^ The Watchtower, October 1, 1967 pg 591–92: "Make haste to identify the visible theocratic organization of God that represents his king, Jesus Christ. It is essential for life. Doing so, be complete in accepting its every
aspect. We cannot claim to love God, yet deny his Word and channel of communication. Therefore, in submitting to Jehovah's visible theocratic organization, we must be in full and complete agreement with every feature
of its apostolic procedure and requirements."
97.^ a b c Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. pp. 211–252. ISBN 0802079733.
98.^ Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. 2007 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. pp. 4, 6.
99.^ Botting, Heather & Gary (1984). The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0802065457.
100.^ Franz, Raymond (2007). In Search of Christian Freedom. Commentary Press. p. 123. ISBN 0914675176.
101.^ Franz, Raymond (2007). In Search of Christian Freedom. Commentary Press. p. 153. ISBN 0914675176.
102.^ Yearbook, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 2010.
103.^ The Watchtower, January 15, 2001, pages 14–15
104.^ Cooperating with the Governing Body Today. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. March 15, 1990. p. 20.
105.^ "Building for an Eternal Future", The Watchtower, January 1, 1986, page 24
106.^ "The Christian Congregation and Its Operation". The Watchtower: 599. 1 October 1977.
107.^ To all Bodies of Elders in the United States, August 1, 1995
108.^ "Go and Make Disciples, Baptizing Them", The Watchtower, April 1, 2006, page 22.
109.^ What Does the Bible Really Teach. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society. p. 182. "Going beneath the water symbolizes that you have died to your former life course. Being raised up out of the water indicates that you
are now alive to do the will of God. Remember, too, that you have made a dedication to Jehovah God himself, not to a work, a cause, other humans, or an organization."
110.^ Franz, Raymond (2007). In Search of Christian Freedom. Commentary Press. pp. 449–464.. ISBN 0914675168.
111.^ Holden, Andrew (2002). Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement. Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 0415266092. "The structure of the movement and the intense loyalty demanded of each
individual at every level demonstrates the characteristics of totalitarianism."
112.^ You Can Live Forever in Paradise on Earth, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1989, page 255, "It is simply not true that all religions lead to the same goal. (Matthew 7:21–23; 24:21) You must be part of
Jehovah's organization, doing God's will, in order to receive his blessing of everlasting life."
113.^ "You Can Live Forever in Paradise on Earth—But How?", The Watchtower, February 15, 1983, page 12, "Jehovah is using only one organization today to accomplish his will. To receive everlasting life in the earthly
Paradise we must identify that organization and serve God as part of it."
114.^ "Serving Jehovah Loyally", The Watchtower, November 15, 1992, page 21, "I determined to stay by the faithful organization. How else can one get Jehovah's favor and blessing?" There is nowhere else to go for
divine favor and life eternal."
115.^ "Greater Blessings Through the New Covenant", The Watchtower, February 1, 1998, page 17, "Those of spiritual Israel still remaining on earth make up 'the faithful and discreet slave.' ... Only in association with them
can acceptable sacred service be rendered to God."
116.^ "Be Aglow With the Spirit", The Watchtower, October 15, 2009, "Those with an earthly hope should therefore recognize Christ as their head and be submissive to the Faithful and Discreet Slave and its Governing Body
and to the men appointed as overseers in the congregation."
117.^ "Move Ahead with Jehovah's Organization", The Watchtower, June 1, 1967, page 337, "What, can we say, is the basic principle underlying the movement of Jehovah's living organization? It can be expressed in one
word: OBEDIENCE. Loving obedience from the heart is all. This is the basic formula upon which the organization rests and operates." (Emphasis in original.)
118.^ "How Jehovah Prospers His Work", The Watchtower,page.22 December 1, 1990
119.^ How are you funded? Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Media Web Site
120.^ Organized to Do Jehovah's Will, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 2005, pages 17–18.
121.^ "Cooperating With the Governing Body Today,", The Watchtower, March 15, 1990, page 19.
122.^ "Focus on the Goodness of Jehovah's Organization". The Watchtower: 22. 15 July 2006.
123.^ "Impart God's Progressive Revelation to Mankind", The Watchtower, March 1, 1965, pp. 158–159
124.^ Penton, M. J. Penton. Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. pp. 165–171. ISBN 0802079733.
125.^ Flashes of Light—Great and Small", The Watchtower, May 15, 1995, page 15.
126.^ Penton, M.J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. p. 165. ISBN 0802079733, 9780802079732.
127.^ J. F. Rutherford, Preparation, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1933, page 64, 67, "Enlightenment proceeds from Jehovah by and through Christ Jesus and is given to the faithful anointed on earth at the temple,
and brings great peace and consolation to them. Again Zechariah talked with the angel of the Lord, which shows that the remnant are instructed by the angels of the Lord. The remnant do not hear audible sounds, because
such is not necessary. Jehovah has provided his own good way to convey thoughts to the minds of his anointed ones ... Those of the remnant, being honest and true, must say, We do not know; and the Lord enlightens them,
sending his angels for that very purpose."
128.^ "The Spirit Searches into the Deep Things of God", The Watchtower, July 15, 2010, page 23, "When the time comes to clarify a spiritual matter in our day, holy spirit helps responsible representatives of 'the faithful
and discreet slave' at world headquarters to discern deep truths that were not previously understood. The Governing Body as a whole considers adjusted explanations. What they learn, they publish for the benefit of all."
129.^ "Do We Need Help to Understand the Bible?". The Watchtower: 19. February 15, 1981. ""True, the brothers preparing these publications are not infallible. Their writings are not inspired as are those of Paul and the
other Bible writers. (2 Tim. 3:16) And so, at times, it has been necessary, as understanding became clearer, to correct views. (Prov. 4:18)""
130.^ "Do You See the Evidence of God's Guidance?", The Watchtower, April 15, 2011, pages 3–5, "How, then, do we react when we receive divine direction? Do we try to apply it “right afterward”? Or do we continue
doing things just as we have been accustomed to doing them? Are we familiar with up-to-date directions, such as those regarding conducting home Bible studies, preaching to foreign speaking people, regularly sharing in
family worship, cooperating with Hospital Liaison Committees, and conducting ourselves properly at conventions? ... Do you clearly discern the evidence of divine guidance? Jehovah uses his organization to guide us, his
people, through “the wilderness” during these last days of Satan’s wicked world."
131.^ "Unity Identifies True Worship", The Watchtower, September 15, 2010, page 13 par.8 "This spiritual food is based on God’s Word. Thus, what is taught is not from men but from Jehovah.—Isa. 54:13."
132.^ a b "Overseers of Jehovah’s People", The Watchtower, June 15, 1957, "Let us now unmistakably identify Jehovah’s channel of communication for our day, that we may continue in his favor ... It is vital that we
appreciate this fact and respond to the directions of the “slave” as we would to the voice of God, because it is His provision."
133.^ Penton, M. J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 172. ISBN 0802079733.
134.^ All Scripture is Inspired of God, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1990, page 336.
135.^ All Scripture is Inspired of God, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1990, page 9.
136.^ Reasoning From The Scriptures | pp. 199–208 Jehovah's Witnesses
137.^ Holden, Andrew (2002). Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement. Routledge. p. 67. ISBN 0415266092. "Materials such as The Watchtower are almost as significant to the Witnesses as the
Bible, since the information is presented as the inspired work of theologians, and they are, therefore, believed to contain as much truth as biblical texts."
138.^ Penton, M. J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. p. 163. ISBN 0802079733. "Since 1954 the society's officers ... have come closer and closer to admitting that
it is the governing body and the society (theoretically acting for the remnant of the 144,000 of the 'faithful and discreet slave'), and not the Bible, which is the primary spiritual authority among Jehovah's Witnesses."
139.^ "Is Religious Truth Attainable?". The Watchtower: 6. April 15, 1995. "By comparing the Witnesses’ beliefs, standards of conduct, and organization with the Bible, unbiased people can clearly see that these harmonize
with those of the first-century Christian congregation."
140.^ Beckford, James A. (1975). The Trumpet of Prophecy: A Sociological Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. pp. 84, 89, 92, 119–120. ISBN 0631163107.
141.^ "Questions From Readers", The Watchtower April 1, 1986 pp. 30–31.
142.^ a b James A. Beverley, Crisis of Allegiance, Welch Publishing Company, Burlington, Ontario, 1986, ISBN 0920413374, pages 25–26, 101, "For every passage in Society literature that urges members to be bold and
courageous in critical pursuits, there are many others that warn about independent thinking and the peril of questioning the organization ... Fear of disobedience to the Governing Body keeps Jehovah's Witnesses from
carefully checking into biblical doctrine or allegations concerning false prophecy, faulty scholarship, and injustice. Witnesses are told not to read books like this one."
143.^ "Keep Clear of False Worship!", The Watchtower, 15 March 2006, "True Christians keep clear of false worship, rejecting false religious teachings. This means that we avoid exposure to religious programs on radio and
television as well as religious literature that promotes lies about God and his Word."
144.^ Question box, Our Kingdom Ministry, September 2007, "The faithful and discreet slave does not endorse any literature, meetings, or Web sites that are not produced or organized under its oversight."
145.^ Question Box, Our Kingdom Ministry, September 2007, "Throughout the earth, Jehovah’s people are receiving ample spiritual instruction and encouragement at congregation meetings, assemblies, and conventions,
as well as through the publications of Jehovah’s organization. Under the guidance of his holy spirit and on the basis of his Word of truth, Jehovah provides what is needed so that all of God’s people may be fitly united in the
same mind and in the same line of thought and remain stabilized in the faith. Surely we are grateful for Jehovah’s spiritual provisions in these last days. Thus, the faithful and discreet slave does not endorse any literature,
meetings, or Web sites that are not produced or organized under its oversight."
146.^ "Make Your Advancement Manifest", The Watchtower, August 1, 2001, page 14, "Since oneness is to be observed, a mature Christian must be in unity and full harmony with fellow believers as far as faith and
knowledge are concerned. He does not advocate or insist on personal opinions or harbor private ideas when it comes to Bible understanding. Rather, he has complete confidence in the truth as it is revealed by Jehovah
God through his Son, Jesus Christ, and the faithful and discreet slave."
147.^ Testimony by Fred Franz, Transcript, Lord Strachan vs. Douglas Walsh, 1954. page 123, Q: "Did you imply that the individual member has the right of reading the books and the Bible and forming his own view as to
the proper interpretation of Holy Writ? A:" .... No....The Scripture is there given in support of the statement, and therefore the individual when he looks up the Scripture and thereby verifies the statement,...search[es] the
Scripture to see whether these things were so."
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